Colloidal nanoparticulate technology has been described in the literature as a versatile drug delivery system. But it possesses some inherent lacunae in their formulation. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been extensively reported for the solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. The CDs can cause intervention in aspects related to nanoparticles (NPs) that include improving drug loading in nano-system, improving stability, site-specific/targeted drug delivery, improving solubility profile and absorption of the drug in nanosystem with consequent improvement in bioavailability, with the possibility of controlled release, safety and efficacy. They find application in for simultaneous diagnosis and therapeutics for better treatment procedures. The current communication is focused on the application of CDs to overcome troubles in nanoparticulate formulation and enhancement of their performance. It also envisages the theranostic aspects of CDs.

Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: Regulatory and Strategic Aspects, Design and Development

Microneedles are gaining popularity as a new paradigm in the area of transdermal drug delivery for biomedical and healthcare applications. Efficient drug delivery with minimal invasion is the prime advantage of microneedles. The concept of the microneedle array provides an extensive surface area for efficient drug delivery. Various types of inorganics (silicon, ceramic, metal, etc.) and polymeric materials are used for the fabrication of microneedles. The polymeric microneedles have various advantages over other microneedles fabricated using inorganic material, such as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and non-toxicity. The wide variety of polymers used in microneedle fabrication can provide a broad scope for drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Multiple metallic and polymeric microneedles can be functionalized by polymer coatings for various biomedical applications. The fabrication of polymeric microneedles is shifting from conventional to advanced 3D and 4D printing technology. The multifaceted biomedical applications of polymeric microneedles include drug delivery, vaccine delivery, biosensing, and diagnostic applications. Here, we provide the overview of the current and advanced information on polymers used for fabrication, the selection criteria for polymers, biomedical applications, and the regulatory perspective of polymer-based and polymer-coated microneedles, along with a patent scenario.

Peptide–drug conjugates (PDCs) have emerged as a next-generation therapeutic platform, combining the target specificity of peptides with the pharmacological potency of small-molecule drugs. As an evolution beyond antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), PDCs offer distinct advantages, including enhanced cellular permeability, improved drug selectivity, and versatile design flexibility. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental components of PDCs, including homing peptide selection, linker engineering, and payload optimization, alongside strategies to address their inherent challenges, such as stability, bioactivity, and clinical translation barriers. Therapeutic applications of PDCs span oncology, infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and emerging areas like COVID-19, with several conjugates advancing in clinical trials and achieving regulatory milestones. Innovations, including bicyclic peptides, supramolecular architectures, and novel linker technologies, are explored as promising avenues to enhance PDC design. Additionally, this review examines the clinical trajectory of PDCs, emphasizing their therapeutic potential and highlighting ongoing trials that exemplify their efficacy. By addressing limitations and leveraging emerging advancements, PDCs hold immense promise as targeted therapeutics capable of addressing complex disease states and driving progress in precision medicine.

Background: Personalized or Precision medicine (PM) is a promising approach for the cancer treatment that tailors treatment to a patient's characteristics. Biomarkers are crucial for identifying the patients who are expected to derive greatest advantage from targeted therapy. Main body: Here, various biomarkers, including genetic, epigenetic, protein, and metabolites, and their clinical significance, are discussed. The review provides insights into the use of biomarkers and their clinical significance in cancer treatment. There are several hurdles in use of PM in oncology, such as the complexity of tumor biology and heterogeneity, limited availability of biomarkers, high cost of targeted therapies, resistance to targeted therapies, and ethical and social issues. Conclusion: The biomarkers play a crucial diagnostic role in the treatment of cancer. The review also acknowledges the challenges and limitations of personalized medicine which, if resolved, can be helpful in the management of cancer.

Bu araştırma kapsamında, etodolak ko-kristallerinin sentezi ve farklı koformerlerin yapılarının aydınlatılması ile Hansen çözünürlük paratmetrelerinin tayini çalışılmıştır. Etodolak’ın çözünürlüğünün arttırılması ve dissolüsyon özelliğinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla hazırlanan etodolak ko-kristallerinin farklı koformerleri izlenmiştir. Ko-Kristallerin yapısı; Fourier dönüşümlü infrared spektroskopisi (FTIR), diferansiyal taramalı kalorimetri (DSC) tayini, X-ışını kırınım (PXRD) tayini ile aydınlatılmış, ayrıca çözünürlük ve çözelti doygunluğu çalışmaları, in vitro dissolüsyon ve stabilite çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda etodolak’ın, p-amino benzoik asit, ferrulik asit ve salisilik asit ile kokristalleri hazırlandığında çözünürlüğünün arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Etodolak:Salisilik ait 1:1M kokristalinin hızlı ilaç salımı için formüle edilen tablet içeriğinde kullanılması öngörülmüştür. Etodolak kokristallerinin yeterli farmasötik stabiliteye sahip oldukları ve etodolak’ın çözünürlük ve dissolüsyon özelliğini arttırdıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.