There is very recent and strong evidence relating Fusobacterium nucleatum to colorectal cancer. In this narrative review, we update the knowledge about gingival dysbiosis and the characteristics of Fusobacterium nucleatum as one of the main bacteria related to periodontitis. We provide data on microbiome, epidemiology, risk factors, prognosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer, one of the most frequent tumours diagnosed and whose incidence increases every year. We describe, from its recent origin, the relationship between this bacterium and this type of cancer and the knowledge and emerging mechanisms that scientific evidence reveals in an updated way. A diagram provided synthesizes the pathogenic mechanisms of this relationship in a comprehensive manner. Finally, the main questions and further research perspectives are presented.

To analyze the diagnostic yield (DY), therapeutic impact (TI) and safety of capsule endoscopy (CE). This is a multi-centre, observational, analytical, retrospective study. A total of 163 patients with suspicion of celiac disease (CD) (mean age = 46.4 ± 17.3 years, 68.1% women) who underwent CE from 2003 to 2015 were included. Patients were divided into four groups: seronegative CD with atrophy (Group-I, n = 19), seropositive CD without atrophy (Group-II, n = 39), contraindication to gastroscopy (Group-III, n = 6), seronegative CD without atrophy, but with a compatible context (Group-IV, n = 99). DY, TI and the safety of CE were analysed. The overall DY was 54% and the final diagnosis was villous atrophy (n = 65, 39.9%), complicated CD (n = 12, 7.4%) and other enteropathies (n = 11, 6.8%; 8 Crohn’s). DY for groups I to IV was 73.7%, 69.2%, 50% and 44.4%, respectively. Atrophy was located in duodenum in 24 cases (36.9%), diffuse in 19 (29.2%), jejunal in 11 (16.9%), and patchy in 10 cases (15.4%). Factors associated with a greater DY were positive serology (68.3% vs 49.2%, P = 0.034) and older age (P = 0.008). On the other hand, neither sex nor clinical presentation, family background, positive histology or HLA status were associated with DY. CE results changed the therapeutic approach in 71.8% of the cases. Atrophy was associated with a greater TI (92.3% vs 45.3%, P < 0.001) and 81.9% of the patients responded to diet. There was one case of capsule retention (0.6%). Agreement between CE findings and subsequent histology was 100% for diagnosing normal/other conditions, 70% for suspected CD and 50% for complicated CD. CE has a high DY in cases of suspicion of CD and it leads to changes in the clinical course of the disease. CE is safe procedure with a high degree of concordance with histology and it helps in the differential diagnosis of CD.

Capsule endoscopy is an extended tool for the diagnosis of small bowel Crohn's disease. However, factors associated with positive findings of this technique have not been well established. Our aim is to asses which factors are associated with a better diagnostic yield of capsule endoscopy in suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. This was a retrospective study including patients under capsule endoscopy because of suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Demographic data of these patients, as well as symptoms and laboratory data including hemoglobin levels, count of leucocytes and platelets, and levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fecal calprotectin were collected. Capsule endoscopy studies were classified as negative (no lesions) or positive (lesions suggestive of Crohn's disease). Descriptive, univariate and multivariate analysis were done, as well as diagnostic yield tests of the different markers for predicting lesions in capsule studies. One hundred and twenty-four patients were included (85 women and 39 men). The average age was 38.21 years. Levels of C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were the markers more frequently associated with positive findings in capsule endoscopy. Calprotectin presented the best sensitivity as isolated marker. The association of altered levels of C-reactive protein and calprotectin showed the best specificity and predictive values. C-reactive protein and fecal calprotectin are appropriate biomarkers for selecting patients with suspected Crohn's disease of the small bowel for capsule endoscopy studies.

Hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism is a rare etiology for acute pancreatitis, oscillating between 1.5 and 7% in the different series. Although the cause-effect relationship and the pathophysiology of the condition are not clear, it seems that the association among them is not incidental, and serum calcium could be a major risk factor, so that pancreatitis would come to occur during severe hypercalcemia attacks. Mutations in different genes have been proposed as well to justify why only some patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia develop acute pancreatitis. References to cases like these ones are rare in the literature. We report two patients with acute pancreatitis associated with hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, one of them with a fatal outcome.