As agriculture faces increasingly complex risk shocks, improving the resilience of the agricultural sector is imperative. Therefore, as a result of their geographical penetration, smart supply chains in agriculture have attracted attention. This study examines the relationship between agricultural economic resilience and smart supply chains using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2021. Benchmark regression results indicate that smart supply chains promote agricultural economic resilience, depending on geographical location. The threshold model test results indicate that the integration level of rural industries and increases in farmers’ disposable income result in smart supply chains having nonlinear effects on agricultural economic resilience. Moreover, the spatial spillover effect test indicates that the development of regional smart supply chains will also promote resilience in surrounding areas. The findings provide helpful insights for sustainable agricultural development.