Climate change is thought to be responsible for the spread of various vector-borne diseases. The current study was conducted to evaluate the impact of different temperature and relative humidity regimes on the developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The study also evaluated the impact of larval density on the survival of Ae. aegypti. In addition, the association between vector larval abundance, dengue incidence, and climatic factors were elucidated during 2016–2019 in three populated districts of Punjab, Pakistan, i.e., Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Multan. The results of the study revealed that at 10 °C and 35 °C, egg hatching and adult emergence were significantly reduced, regardless of the relative humidity. In contrast, at 20 °C and 30 °C, the rates of egg and adult survival increased with higher relative humidity. In addition, a density-dependent response was observed regarding larval survival of Ae. aegypti. Moreover, larval incidence was positively correlated with the number of dengue patients, Tmax, RH, and precipitation at Lahore (0.55, 0.23, 0.29, and 0.13), Rawalpindi (0.90, 0.30, 0.21, and 0.14), and Multan (0.05, 0.27, and 0.13) respectively, except in Multan, where a negative correlation (−0.09) with precipitation was observed. The inflow of patients had a positive correlation with the occurrence of a larval population, relative humidity, and precipitation at Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Multan districts, with the scale values of 0.55, 0.25, and 0.16; 0.90, 0.22, and 0.03; and 0.05, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively. In addition, a forecast model, ARIMA, predicted that there was a higher rate of larval occurrence in Rawalpindi, followed by Lahore. This study concluded that the role of precipitation > 200 mm prior to a 1–2-month lag, a 20–30 °C temperature range, and an RH exceeding 60% lead to the occurrence of larvae and dengue case spikes. This study will help to reinforce dengue surveillance and control strategies in Pakistan and to establish early management strategies based on changing climatic factors.

In recent times, poultry nutritionists have shown increased interest in incorporating insect meal as an alternative source to fulfil the protein needs of poultry, driven by sustainability issues related to conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fish meal. The present study shows the effects of replacing 4, 8 and 12% soybean meal (SBM) with cotton leaf worm ( Spodoptera litura ) on growth performance, blood haematology, intestinal histomorphology and meat quality of Ross 308 broiler. We also evaluated commercially available black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) larvae for comparison. A total of 350 one-day-old chicks were randomly divided into seven dietary treatments (5 pens/treatment and 10 birds/pen). The results showed that the broiler fed on 12% S. litura or H. illucens had notably ( ) higher live weight, average daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratios. The diets containing 12% S. litura or H. illucens significantly ( ) improved broiler blood haematology (haemoglobin, red blood cells, haematocrits, mean corpuscular volume, lymphocytes, heterophils, platelets and total leucocytes as well as serum bio-chemistry traits i.e. total protein and globulin) and gut histology (villus height (Vh), crypt depth (Cd), villus width (Vw), and Vh/Cd ratios). The broiler fed on a 12% S. litura or H. illucens diet indicated a higher L ^* (lightness) and b ^* (yellowness). It was concluded that replacing soybean meal up to 12% with either S. litura or H. illucens improves the growth performance, blood haematology, gut histomorphology, and meat quality traits of broiler and thus can be used as an alternate source of protein in broiler feed.

Mosquitoes are significantly important in public health as they transmit many vector-borne diseases like dengue fever (DF), malaria, and filariasis to millions of people worldwide. Although there is no effective vaccination for the prevention of dengue, avoiding mosquito bites is one method to control mosquito populations. Due to the extensive uses of synthetic repellent,’ mosquitoes established resistance against them. The plant-based extracts are used as an alternative to targeted insecticides. Therefore, current study aimed to examine the oviposition-deterrent, larvicidal and repellent efficacy of plant-based extracts Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Orange (Citrus sinensis), Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) against Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. The maximum repellency was observed by clove, and lemon peel plant extract compared to all other botanical plants. However, lemon, clove, garlic, onion, and garlic with lemongrass are promising for oviposition control. While, clove, lemon peel, orange and lemon peels, and lemongrass combination for larvicidal control. In terms of repellents, the most suspected repellent plants showed by the combinations of (Olive oil, lemon peel, citrus peel, lemongrass, Aloe vera), (Olive oil, lemon peel, citrus peel, lemongrass), (Olive oil, lemon peels, citrus peels, Aloe vera), such as 19.85, 19.85,19.84 repellency value along with 100% protection time up to 1 h. The establishment of plant-based products against Aedes aegypti, complemented with insecticidal activity, could lead to an innovative approach to managing mosquito populations and disease vectors.