This paper investigates a manufacturer's retail outsourcing strategies under different competition modes with economies of scale. We focus on the effects of market competition modes, economies of scale and competitor's behavior on manufacturer's retail outsourcing decisions, and then we develop four game models under three competition modes. Firstly, we find the channel structure where both manufacturers choose retail outsourcing cannot be an equilibrium structure under the Cournot competition. The Cournot competition mode is less profitable to the firm than the Bertrand competition when the products are complements. Secondly, under the hybrid Cournot-Bertrand competition mode, there is only one equilibrium supply chain structure where neither manufacturer chooses retail outsourcing, when the substitutability and complementarity levels are not sufficiently high. In addition, setting price (quantity) contracts as the strategic variables is the dominant strategy for the direct-sale manufacturer who provides complementary (substitutable) products. Thirdly, both competitive firms will benefit from the situation where they choose the same competition mode. When the products are substitutes (complements), both of them choose the Cournot (Bertrand) competition mode. Finally, we show that the economies of scale have little impact on the equilibrium of the outsourcing structure but a great impact on the competition mode equilibrium.

With the rapid development of information technology, big data is gradually being popularized and promoted in various industries. Smart wearable devices have attracted much attention for their objective, accurate and continuous measurement of the amount of exercise. With the continuous improvement of intelligent equipment performance, large data analysis and intelligent wearable device technology can real-time capture the movement of the students in class data: trajectory, heart rate, speed, cost, etc., through data analysis, to monitor and intervene student’s sports activities in the class at the same time, can help the teacher more scientific system of the training plan, a more comprehensive understanding of the students in the class level and performance, enhance the level of student’s physical stamina and physical health and will bring far-reaching influence to sports research.

The interval concept lattice theory, a new method of mining objects based on interval parameters, can more accurately deal with uncertain information than the classical concept lattice theory. The optimization of interval parameters has been a problem that is not well solved. From the perspective of three-way decision space, we first combine the theories of interval concept lattice and three-way decision and then put forward interval three-way decision space theory; second, in the interval three-way decision space, the positive region, negative region, and boundary region are divided by extension of interval three-way decision concept; further, the decision loss function and three-way decision rules are extracted. Through adjusting interval parameters of the lattice structure, we could find that when parameter is roughly 0.6, more credible decision rules will be mined and decision-making becomes more clear than that under the condition is less than 0.6; finally, we verify the model by a “Green Products Recommendation” example.

In this paper, we develop three supply chain game models, i.e., the basic model, the single trade credit model, and the trade credit and revenue sharing collaboration model. Conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) criterion is used as the measure of risk assessment in these models. We analyze the optimal decisions in the centralized and decentralized situations, respectively, and verify that single trade credit cannot coordinate the supply chain. However, the collaboration contract can coordinate the supply chain. Furthermore, this paper explores the influence of risk-aversion factor, trade credit period, revenue sharing coefficient, and other parameters on the optimal decisions and studies the feasible range of Pareto improvement in the collaborative model. In numerical experiments, the results show that the decisions and profits of both the manufacturer and the retailer reply on the degree of the risk aversion, the trade credit period, and the revenue sharing coefficient. The collaborative contract effectively improves supply chain performance and achieves a ‘win-win’ situation for the supply chain members. In addition, we also consider two extensions for our research. One extension shows that the collaborative contract of trade credit and buyback can also coordinate the supply chain in a certain range. The other extension considers the optimal decision of a risk-averse manufacturer with CVaR.

This article is motivated by the challenge of the increasing power of e-commerce compared to traditional commerce. An online retail platform can provide both agency selling and reselling schemes, while the supplier can adopt one scheme or both. For a case study of Gree, we formulate four cases based on the channel structures to investigate the adoption strategies of platform schemes and their impacts on a traditional distributor, Jinghai. Firstly, we discuss the impacts of the slotting fee, the revenue-sharing proportion earned by the supplier, and the market competition intensity on the profits and decisions of members. A more intense market and a higher revenue-sharing proportion for the supplier will lead to a lower price in the traditional distribution channel. Secondly, we study how a supplier should employ the platform schemes with a traditional distributor. Particularly, the extremely low extra market demand driven by the online platform and the sufficiently low market intensity may not lead to a motivation for suppliers to adopt the agency scheme. Finally, Gree’s introduction of an agency scheme does not always spell disaster for traditional distributors, and it may not be such a bad thing for Jinghai to agree to Gree adding the online reselling scheme.