In the coming decades, rice production needs to be carried out sustainably to keep the balance between profitability margins and essential resource input costs. Many fertilizers, such as N, depend primarily on fossil fuels, whereas P comes from rock phosphates. How long these reserves will last and sustain agriculture remains to be seen. Therefore, current agricultural food production under such conditions remains an enormous and colossal challenge. Researchers have been trying to identify nutrient use-efficient varieties over the past few decades with limited success. The concept of nutrient use efficiency is being revisited to understand the molecular genetic basis, while much of it is not entirely understood yet. However, significant achievements have recently been observed at the molecular level in nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency. Breeding teams are trying to incorporate these valuable QTLs and genes into their rice breeding programs. In this review, we seek to identify the achievements and the progress made so far in the fields of genetics, molecular breeding and biotechnology, especially for nutrient use efficiency in rice.

The development of rice cultivars with nutrient use efficiency (NuUE) is highly crucial for sustaining global rice production in Asia and Africa. However, this requires a better understanding of the genetics of NuUE-related traits and their relationship to grain yield. In this study, simultaneous efforts were made to develop nutrient use efficient rice cultivars and to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing NuUE-related traits in rice. A total of 230 BC₁F₅ introgression lines (ILs) were developed from a single early backcross population involving Weed Tolerant Rice 1, as the recipient parent, and Hao-an-nong, as the donor parent. The ILs were cultivated in field conditions with a different combination of fertilizer schedule under six nutrient conditions: minus nitrogen (–N), minus phosphorus (–P), (–NP), minus nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (–NPK), 75% of recommended nitrogen (75N), and NPK. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences (p < 0.01) were noted among ILs and treatments for all traits. A high-density linkage map was constructed by using 704 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 49 main-effect QTLs were identified on all chromosomes, except on chromosome 7, 11 and 12, which are showing 20.25% to 34.68% of phenotypic variation. With further analysis of these QTLs, we refined them to four top hotspot QTLs (QTL harbor-I to IV) located on chromosomes 3, 5, 9, and 11. However, we identified four novel putative QTLs for agronomic efficiency (AE) and 22 QTLs for partial factor productivity (PFP) under –P and 75N conditions. These interval regions of QTLs, several transporters and genes are located that were involved in nutrient uptake from soil to plant organs and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Further, the validation of these potential QTLs, genes may provide remarkable value for marker-aided selection and pyramiding of multiple QTLs, which would provide supporting evidence for the enhancement of grain yield and cloning of NuUE tolerance-responsive genes in rice.

Arabidopsis thaliana is a short life cycle, small genome, and Brassicaceae family winter annual small flowering plants. It is popularly used as a model organism in genetics and plant biology research, and it is essential to understanding the molecular biology of many plant features, including light sensing and flower formation. It also plays a key role in the science of agronomy, and plant transcriptomics as well as genomics. When it comes to the development of multicellular creatures, transcriptional programs are crucial. The constantly active growth of different organ systems is supported by transcriptional programs. Arabidopsis embryos possess remarkable transcriptomes compared to other plant tissues comprising somatic embryo differentiation circumstances operating during plant embryogenesis. Here we show that the transcriptomic analysis of the genome dead box RNA helicase gene AT2G45810 of Arabidopsis thaliana Araport11 species which revealed the specific gene expression patterns of Arabidopsis tissue-specific information of developmental map, embryo, single cell, DNA damage, cellular interactions, pathway analysis, etc., through In Silico or computational approaches. In this particular study, we used the TAIR, Phytozome, and plant comparative genomics portal for retrieving and identification of specific genes of interest. Next, we used web-based Bar utoronto tools to visualize other data, including functional genomics. Their protein and gene expression tools facilitate the exploration of promoters, the identification of protein-protein interactions, the viewing of expression patterns as electronic fluorescent pictographs or heatmaps, and more.

The world is changing at a breakneck pace, and those who have the ability to change must adapt. Bangladesh's economy is one of the world's fastest-growing. People's eating habits are changing as a result of economic progress and urbanization. These changes are not evenly distributed throughout the urban and rural economic groups, as they are in other nations. People in metropolitan areas have hectic schedules. Cooking is a chore for them. As a result, the fast-food and ready-made food industries are growing, saving time and providing convenience to the modern world. Wheat is the mostly used grain for making fast food and bakery items. Therefore, the consumption rate of wheat is increasing day by day. If compared, the nutrients contents of wheat and rice, then this shifting is good in a broad sense. However, for the other associated factors like wheat food patterns and quality, this change requires a better evaluation. In this review paper, we will try to find out, how changes are ongoing? Can it solve the problems related to rice consumption by turning to Wheat? Or will it cause more problems? If it causes some problems then, here we will try to find how we can face the change positively.

Mango is a vital fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions, yet pests and diseases cause 30–70% production losses. Developing disease-resistant cultivars through transgenic methods could mitigate these issues. Agrobacterium-mediated callus transformation is a common genetic engineering approach, but successful transgenic mango plants from callus remain unreported due to severe browning and necrosis post-infection. We hypothesized that Agrobacterium-induced immune responses trigger callus death, hindering transformation. To improve efficiency, we engineered an Agrobacterium strain carrying the type III secretion system (T3SS) and effector gene AvrPto. Compared to controls, infected calluses exhibited elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with up-regulated ROS-related, gallic acid biosynthesis, and defense genes. Calluses infected with T3SS-AvrPto-harboring Agrobacterium showed delayed browning and necrosis versus those infected with the empty vector (NV). The transformation rate with Agrobacterium (T3SS-AvrPto-EGFP) reached 1.6%, while Agrobacterium (NV-EGFP) failed entirely. These findings demonstrate that T3SS and AvrPto enhance mango transformation efficiency, offering a promising strategy for breeding multi-resistant varieties.