Breastfeeding is recognized as the gold standard in infant nutrition, providing necessary nutrients for optimal growth and development. Beyond its nutritional function, breastfeeding has numerous benefits for both mother and child. This literature review examines the effects of breastfeeding on the development of the nervous and immune systems, its influence on cognitive development, and the impact of stress on lactation. In addition, it explores the emotional effects of breastfeeding on mothers, the challenges associated with exclusive breastfeeding, and the process of weaning along with its implications for both mother and infant. It is indicated that stress significantly affects lactation regulation, with elevated cortisol levels potentially disrupting hormonal balance. Furthermore, the essential roles of oxytocin, sialic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in infant brain development and cognitive functions are highlighted. Breastfeeding is associated with the regulation of the baby’s sleep through the effects of tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin, which at the same time provide the baby with a sense of security with the mother. It is indicated that women who breastfeed are less likely to suffer from mental health problems and are at a lower risk of hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The weaning process is often a difficult time for mother and child; thus, it should be introduced gradually to minimize stress, anxiety, and potential mood disturbances in the mother.

Breastfeeding is a complex biopsychosocial process influenced not only by biological mechanisms but also by a woman’s previous psychological experiences and past traumas. The aim of this review was to analyze current research on the impact of early traumatic experiences, perinatal trauma, psychological difficulties, and previous interpersonal stressors on the initiation, continuation, and emotional course of breastfeeding. Women with a history of trauma are more likely to struggle with emotional regulation difficulties, increased stress, depressed mood, and problems bonding with their child. These factors translate into an increased risk of discontinuing lactation, discomfort during feeding, and reduced self-esteem regarding maternal competence. The literature also emphasizes the role of psychological and social support, which can help mothers cope with emotional tension and promote a positive breastfeeding experience. Consideration of the mother’s previous psychological and traumatic experiences is crucial for a more complete understanding of lactation difficulties and the development of effective forms of support for women in the perinatal period.

Background: Anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorders can co-occur with disordered eating behaviors and difficulties in emotional regulation. This article presents the clinical case of a 21-year-old female student whose complex neuropsychiatric profile required the simultaneous consideration of psychological, psychosocial, and somatic factors. The aim of this case report was to examine the coexistence of psychopathological symptoms, eating disturbances, psychosocial experiences, and somatic findings, while considering the potential role of post-infectious factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the patient’s medical and psychiatric history was conducted, including childhood infections, psychiatric diagnoses, psychosocial experiences, eating behaviors, and available laboratory findings. The assessment also included quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) brain mapping performed under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Particular attention was given to the retrospective hypothesis of PANDAS/PANS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections/Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome), while distinguishing documented clinical findings from unconfirmed etiopathogenetic hypotheses. Results: Retrospective history revealed recurrent upper respiratory tract infections and bilateral pneumonia in early childhood, followed by increasing anxiety and social withdrawal from peers. The patient was diagnosed with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) at the age of 13, while psychiatric records from 2023 also documented depressive disorders and social phobia. Within the family system, the patient experienced relational trauma, including systematic verbal and psychological abuse by her father. Blood tests performed on 11 June 2025 revealed an elevated antistreptolysin O (ASO) level of 436 IU/mL, which may indicate previous streptococcal exposure but does not confirm active infection, PANDAS/PANS, or a causal relationship with neuropsychiatric symptoms. The available documentation lacked microbiological confirmation of streptococcal infections or evidence substantiating a PANDAS/PANS diagnosis. QEEG brain mapping revealed elevated fast HiBeta activity in the frontal regions under both recording conditions; however, incomplete methodological documentation precluded definitive interpretation of this finding as evidence of persistent cortical overactivity or specific cognitive deficits. Somatic and metabolic findings included morning cortisol of 7.7 µg/dL, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-SO4) of 163 µg/dL, prolactin of 513.0 mIU/L, and total cholesterol of 138 mg/dL. A previously recorded glycemic value of 45 mg/dL was also noted, although insufficient information was available to confirm reactive hypoglycemia. The patient reported a dichotomous eating pattern characterized by appetite suppression during acute stress, followed by episodes of increased food intake aimed at regulating emotional tension. However, the absence of standardized assessment prevented confirmation of formal binge-eating episodes. Food avoidance and restriction were associated with contamination fears and obsessive–compulsive rituals. The patient also expressed marked body image dissatisfaction and a desire for an extremely thin physique, although no formal diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder was documented. Conclusions: This case highlights the complex coexistence of obsessive–compulsive and anxiety symptoms, disordered eating behaviors, psychosocial trauma, and somatic findings. Although retrospective clinical history and elevated ASO levels raise the possibility of a post-infectious contribution, the available evidence does not establish an autoimmune mechanism or confirm PANDAS/PANS. The findings emphasize the importance of distinguishing documented clinical observations from etiopathogenetic hypotheses and support an interdisciplinary approach integrating psychiatric care, psychotherapy, nutritional assessment, and appropriate somatic diagnostics.