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Nicolas Kelly
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, United Kingdom

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Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in Applied Energy
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Coupling the electricity and heat sectors is receiving interest as a potential source of flexibility to help absorb surplus renewable electricity. The flexibility afforded by power-to-heat systems in dwellings has yet to be quantified in terms of time, energy and costs, and especially in cases where homeowners are heterogeneous prosumers. Flexibility quantification whilst accounting for prosumer heterogeneity is non-trivial. Therefore in this work a novel two-step optimization framework is proposed to quantify the potential of prosumers to absorb surplus renewable electricity through the integration of air source heat pumps and thermal energy storage. The first step is formulated as a multi-period mixed integer linear programming problem to determine the optimal energy system, and the quantity of surplus electricity absorbed. The second step is formulated as a linear programming problem to determine the price a prosumer will accept for absorbing surplus electricity, and thus the number of active prosumers in the market. A case study of 445 prosumers is presented to illustrate the approach. Results show that the number of active prosumers is affected by the quantity of absorbed electricity, frequency of requests, the price offered by aggregators and how prosumers determine the acceptable value of flexibility provided. This study is a step towards reducing the need for renewable curtailment and increasing pricing transparency in relation to demand-side response.

ACS Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Graeme Hawker; Nicolas Kelly; Adam D. Hawkes. A two-step optimization model for quantifying the flexibility potential of power-to-heat systems in dwellings. Applied Energy 2018, 228, 215 -228.

AMA Style

Gbemi Oluleye, John Allison, Graeme Hawker, Nicolas Kelly, Adam D. Hawkes. A two-step optimization model for quantifying the flexibility potential of power-to-heat systems in dwellings. Applied Energy. 2018; 228 ():215-228.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Graeme Hawker; Nicolas Kelly; Adam D. Hawkes. 2018. "A two-step optimization model for quantifying the flexibility potential of power-to-heat systems in dwellings." Applied Energy 228, no. : 215-228.

Book chapter
Published: 04 July 2018 in 16th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering and 9th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering
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In this paper a novel multi-period MILP model is developed, and applied to show how: (1) integrating thermal energy storage with ASHP (i.e. power to heat storage) reduces the ASHP peak and total electricity demand by 78.2 % and 8.4 % respectively, and (2) proper sizing of the ASHP reduced its total electricity demand by 35%. The accuracy of the model is improved by using fewer time slices to capture technology and energy demand characteristics. Storage size and operation are determined based on the energy demand and economic price signals.

ACS Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Nick Kelly; Adam Hawkes. A Multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Program for Assessing the Benefits of Power to Heat Storage in a Dwelling Energy System. 16th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering and 9th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering 2018, 43, 1451 -1456.

AMA Style

Gbemi Oluleye, John Allison, Nick Kelly, Adam Hawkes. A Multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Program for Assessing the Benefits of Power to Heat Storage in a Dwelling Energy System. 16th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering and 9th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering. 2018; 43 ():1451-1456.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Nick Kelly; Adam Hawkes. 2018. "A Multi-period Mixed Integer Linear Program for Assessing the Benefits of Power to Heat Storage in a Dwelling Energy System." 16th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering and 9th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering 43, no. : 1451-1456.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in Applied Thermal Engineering
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This paper explores the feasibility of storing heat in an encapsulated store to support thermal load shifting over three timescales: diurnal, weekly and seasonal. A building simulation tool was used to calculate the space heating and hot water demands for four common UK housing types and a range of operating conditions. A custom sizing methodology calculated the capacities of storage required to fully meet the heat demands over the three timescales. Corresponding storage volumes were calculated for a range of heat storage materials deemed suitable for storing heat within a dwelling, either in a tank or as an integral part of the building fabric: hot water, concrete, high-temperature magnetite blocks, and a phase change material. The results indicate that with low temperature heat storage domestic load shifting is feasible over a few days, beyond this timescale the very large storage volumes required make integration in dwellings problematic. Supporting load shifting over 1-2 weeks is feasible with high temperature storage. Retention of heat over periods longer than this is challenging, even with significant levels of insulation. Seasonal storage of heat in an encapsulated store appeared impractical in all cases modelled due to the volume of material required.

ACS Style

John Allison; Keith Bell; Joe Clarke; Andrew Cowie; Ahmed Elsayed; Graeme Flett; Gbemi Oluleye; Adam Hawkes; Graeme Hawker; Nick Kelly; Maria Manuela Marinho de Castro; Tim Sharpe; Andy Shea; Paul Strachan; Paul Gerard Tuohy. Assessing domestic heat storage requirements for energy flexibility over varying timescales. Applied Thermal Engineering 2018, 136, 602 -616.

AMA Style

John Allison, Keith Bell, Joe Clarke, Andrew Cowie, Ahmed Elsayed, Graeme Flett, Gbemi Oluleye, Adam Hawkes, Graeme Hawker, Nick Kelly, Maria Manuela Marinho de Castro, Tim Sharpe, Andy Shea, Paul Strachan, Paul Gerard Tuohy. Assessing domestic heat storage requirements for energy flexibility over varying timescales. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018; 136 ():602-616.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Allison; Keith Bell; Joe Clarke; Andrew Cowie; Ahmed Elsayed; Graeme Flett; Gbemi Oluleye; Adam Hawkes; Graeme Hawker; Nick Kelly; Maria Manuela Marinho de Castro; Tim Sharpe; Andy Shea; Paul Strachan; Paul Gerard Tuohy. 2018. "Assessing domestic heat storage requirements for energy flexibility over varying timescales." Applied Thermal Engineering 136, no. : 602-616.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2018 in Energies
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In spite of the benefits from thermal energy storage (TES) integration in dwellings, the penetration rate in Europe is 5%. Effective fiscal policies are necessary to accelerate deployment. However, there is currently no direct support for TES in buildings compared to support for electricity storage. This could be due to lack of evidence to support incentivisation. In this study, a novel systematic framework is developed to provide a case in support of TES incentivisation. The model determines the costs, CO2 emissions, dispatch strategy and sizes of technologies, and TES for a domestic user under policy neutral and policy intensive scenarios. The model is applied to different building types in the UK. The model is applied to a case study for a detached dwelling in the UK (floor area of 122 m2), where heat demand is satisfied by a boiler and electricity imported from the grid. Results show that under a policy neutral scenario, integrating a micro-Combined Heat and Power (CHP) reduces the primary energy demand by 11%, CO2 emissions by 21%, but with a 16 year payback. Additional benefits from TES integration can pay for the investment within the first 9 years, reducing to 3.5–6 years when the CO2 levy is accounted for. Under a policy intensive scenario (for example considering the Feed in Tariff (FIT)), primary energy demand and CO2 emissions reduce by 17 and 33% respectively with a 5 year payback. In this case, the additional benefits for TES integration can pay for the investment in TES within the first 2 years. The framework developed is a useful tool is determining the role TES in decarbonising domestic energy systems.

ACS Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Nicolas Kelly; Adam D. Hawkes. An Optimisation Study on Integrating and Incentivising Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in a Dwelling Energy System. Energies 2018, 11, 1095 .

AMA Style

Gbemi Oluleye, John Allison, Nicolas Kelly, Adam D. Hawkes. An Optimisation Study on Integrating and Incentivising Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in a Dwelling Energy System. Energies. 2018; 11 (5):1095.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gbemi Oluleye; John Allison; Nicolas Kelly; Adam D. Hawkes. 2018. "An Optimisation Study on Integrating and Incentivising Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in a Dwelling Energy System." Energies 11, no. 5: 1095.

Journal article
Published: 26 January 2018 in Future Cities and Environment
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ACS Style

Maria Manuela Marinho De Castro; Tim Sharpe; Nicolas Kelly; John Allison. A Taxonomy of Fabric Integrated Thermal Energy Storage. Future Cities and Environment 2018, 4, 1 .

AMA Style

Maria Manuela Marinho De Castro, Tim Sharpe, Nicolas Kelly, John Allison. A Taxonomy of Fabric Integrated Thermal Energy Storage. Future Cities and Environment. 2018; 4 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Manuela Marinho De Castro; Tim Sharpe; Nicolas Kelly; John Allison. 2018. "A Taxonomy of Fabric Integrated Thermal Energy Storage." Future Cities and Environment 4, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Energy Conversion and Management
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A predictive load shifting controller has been developed and deployed in a low-carbon house near Glasgow, UK. The house features an under floor heating system, fed by an air-source heat pump. Based on forecast air temperatures and solar radiation levels, the controller 1) predicts the following day’s heating requirements to achieve thermal comfort 2) runs heat pump during off peak periods to deliver the required heat by pre-charging the under floor heating. Prior to its installation in the building, the controller’s operating characteristics were identified using a calibrated building simulation model. The performance of the controller in the house was monitored over four weeks in 2015. The monitored data indicated that the actual thermal performance of the predictive controller was better than that projected using simulation, with better levels of thermal comfort achieved. Indoor air temperatures were between 18°C to 23°C for around 87% of the time between 07:00-22:00. However, the performance of the heat pump under load shift control was extremely poor, with the heat being delivered primarily by the unit’s auxiliary immersion coil. The paper concludes with a refined version of the controller that should improve the day-ahead energy predictions and offer greater flexibility in heat pump operation for future field trials

ACS Style

John Allison; Andrew Cowie; Stuart Galloway; Jon Hand; Nicolas Kelly; Bruce Stephen. Simulation, implementation and monitoring of heat pump load shifting using a predictive controller. Energy Conversion and Management 2017, 150, 890 -903.

AMA Style

John Allison, Andrew Cowie, Stuart Galloway, Jon Hand, Nicolas Kelly, Bruce Stephen. Simulation, implementation and monitoring of heat pump load shifting using a predictive controller. Energy Conversion and Management. 2017; 150 ():890-903.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Allison; Andrew Cowie; Stuart Galloway; Jon Hand; Nicolas Kelly; Bruce Stephen. 2017. "Simulation, implementation and monitoring of heat pump load shifting using a predictive controller." Energy Conversion and Management 150, no. : 890-903.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Procedia
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The transient nature of the occupant heat load is not fully addressed and implemented in a building simulation tool. In this paper, the effect of using dynamic occupant heat loads in building simulation on energy building performance and occupant thermal comfort has been studied. A two-node thermoregulatory model was integrated into ESP-r. The predictions of the integrated two-node model were compared to two commonly used approaches in building simulation: gains modelled as a basic fixed profile and gains modelled using a polynomial function of temperature and relative humidity. The variation in occupant thermal load demonstrated appreciable differences on both cooling and dehumidification loads

ACS Style

Mohamad Rida; Nicolas Kelly. Toward better estimation of HVAC Loads: integrating a detailed human thermal model into building simulation. Energy Procedia 2017, 122, 1147 -1152.

AMA Style

Mohamad Rida, Nicolas Kelly. Toward better estimation of HVAC Loads: integrating a detailed human thermal model into building simulation. Energy Procedia. 2017; 122 ():1147-1152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamad Rida; Nicolas Kelly. 2017. "Toward better estimation of HVAC Loads: integrating a detailed human thermal model into building simulation." Energy Procedia 122, no. : 1147-1152.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2017 in Energy and Buildings
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An integrated domestic occupancy and demand model with a 1-min resolution has been developed which better captures the influence of different occupant behaviours than previous models. The occupancy model includes the fundamental link between occupancy and demand, and differentiates between different types and sizes of households. In particular, the likelihood of daytime occupancy is captured by age and employment differentiators. A novel method for identifying appliance use events and linking use to an occupancy profile has been developed that accounts for household specific appliance usage using an event-based approach calibrated directly from measured data. The method has been shown to perform better than both per-timestep probability models and models calibrated from time-use survey activity diaries. To further capture individual household behaviours, the demand model incorporates additional factoring to account for income and random behavioural influences. Whilst improving differentiation of individual household energy usage, due to limitations in the available data, the model incorporates some occupancy and use behaviour factors that are a composite of multiple households, leading to some behaviour averaging in the model output; consequently the model is best employed for energy demand assessment of multiple households

ACS Style

Graeme Flett; Nicolas Kelly. A disaggregated, probabilistic, high resolution method for assessment of domestic occupancy and electrical demand. Energy and Buildings 2017, 140, 171 -187.

AMA Style

Graeme Flett, Nicolas Kelly. A disaggregated, probabilistic, high resolution method for assessment of domestic occupancy and electrical demand. Energy and Buildings. 2017; 140 ():171-187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graeme Flett; Nicolas Kelly. 2017. "A disaggregated, probabilistic, high resolution method for assessment of domestic occupancy and electrical demand." Energy and Buildings 140, no. : 171-187.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2016 in Energy and Buildings
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Household energy demand is closely correlated with occupant and household types and their associated occupancy patterns. Existing occupancy model performance has been limited by a lack of occupant differentiation, poor occupancy duration estimation, and ignoring typical occupancy interactions between related individuals. A Markov-Chain based method for generating realistic occupancy profiles has been developed that aims to improve accuracy in each of these areas to provide a foundation for future energy demand modelling and to allow the occupancy-driven impact to be determined. Transition probability data has been compiled for multiple occupant, household, and day types from UK Time-Use Survey data to account for typical behavioural differences. A higher-order method incorporating ranges of occupancy state durations has been used to improve duration prediction. Typical occupant interactions have been captured by combining couples and parents as single entities and linking parent and child occupancy directly. Significant improvement in occupancy prediction is shown for the differentiated occupant and occupant interaction methods. The higher-order Markov method is shown to perform better than an equivalent higher-order ’event’-based approach. The benefit of the higher-order method compared to a first-order Markov model is less significant and would benefit from more comprehensive occupancy data for an objective comparison

ACS Style

Graeme Hamilton Flett; Nicolas Kelly. An occupant-differentiated, higher-order Markov Chain method for prediction of domestic occupancy. Energy and Buildings 2016, 125, 219 -230.

AMA Style

Graeme Hamilton Flett, Nicolas Kelly. An occupant-differentiated, higher-order Markov Chain method for prediction of domestic occupancy. Energy and Buildings. 2016; 125 ():219-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graeme Hamilton Flett; Nicolas Kelly. 2016. "An occupant-differentiated, higher-order Markov Chain method for prediction of domestic occupancy." Energy and Buildings 125, no. : 219-230.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2015 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Nick Kelly; Aizaz Samuel; Jon Hand; John Hand. Testing integrated electric vehicle charging and domestic heating strategies for future UK housing. Energy and Buildings 2015, 105, 377 -392.

AMA Style

Nick Kelly, Aizaz Samuel, Jon Hand, John Hand. Testing integrated electric vehicle charging and domestic heating strategies for future UK housing. Energy and Buildings. 2015; 105 ():377-392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nick Kelly; Aizaz Samuel; Jon Hand; John Hand. 2015. "Testing integrated electric vehicle charging and domestic heating strategies for future UK housing." Energy and Buildings 105, no. : 377-392.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2014 in Applied Thermal Engineering
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Using a detailed building simulation model, the amount of thermal buffering, with and without phase change material (PCM), needed to time-shift an air source heat pump's operation to off-peak periods, as defined by the UK 'Economy 10' tariff, was investigated for a typical UK detached dwelling. The performance of the buffered system was compared to the case with no load shifting and with no thermal buffering. Additionally, the load shifting of a population of buffered heat pumps to off-peak periods was simulated and the resulting change in the peak demand on the electricity network was assessed. The results from this study indicate that 1000 L of hot water buffering or 500 L of PCM-enhanced hot water buffering was required to move the operation of the heat pump fully to off-peak periods, without adversely affecting the provision of space heating and hot water for the end user. The work also highlights that buffering and load shifting increased the heat pump's electrical demand by over 60% leading to increased cost to the end user and increased CO2 emissions (depending on the electricity tariff applied and time varying CO2 intensity of the electricity generation mix, respectively). The study also highlights that the load-shifting of populations of buffered heat pumps wholly to off-peak periods using crude instruments such as tariffs increased the peak loading on the electrical network by over 50% rather than reducing it and that careful consideration is needed as to how the load shifting of a group of heat pumps is orchestrated

ACS Style

Nicolas Kelly; Paul Gerard Tuohy; Adam D. Hawkes. Performance assessment of tariff-based air source heat pump load shifting in a UK detached dwelling featuring phase change-enhanced buffering. Applied Thermal Engineering 2014, 71, 809 -820.

AMA Style

Nicolas Kelly, Paul Gerard Tuohy, Adam D. Hawkes. Performance assessment of tariff-based air source heat pump load shifting in a UK detached dwelling featuring phase change-enhanced buffering. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2014; 71 (2):809-820.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Kelly; Paul Gerard Tuohy; Adam D. Hawkes. 2014. "Performance assessment of tariff-based air source heat pump load shifting in a UK detached dwelling featuring phase change-enhanced buffering." Applied Thermal Engineering 71, no. 2: 809-820.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Energy and Buildings
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ACS Style

Simon Paul Borg; Nicolas James Kelly. High resolution performance analysis of micro-trigeneration in an energy-efficient residential building. Energy and Buildings 2013, 67, 153 -165.

AMA Style

Simon Paul Borg, Nicolas James Kelly. High resolution performance analysis of micro-trigeneration in an energy-efficient residential building. Energy and Buildings. 2013; 67 ():153-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Paul Borg; Nicolas James Kelly. 2013. "High resolution performance analysis of micro-trigeneration in an energy-efficient residential building." Energy and Buildings 67, no. : 153-165.

Short communication
Published: 19 June 2013 in Energy Policy
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Publically available data is presented comparing recent historical daily energy flows through Great Britain's electrical and gas transmission networks with a focus on domestic heat and hot water. When this data is expressed graphically it illustrates important differences in the characteristics of the gas and electricity demand; these include the quantity of energy delivered through the networks on a daily basis, the scale of variability in the gas demand over multiple timescales (seasonal, weekly and daily) and the relative stability and predictability of the electrical demand. As the United Kingdom proceeds to migrate heating demands to the electrical network in its drive to cut carbon emissions, electrical demand will increase, but equally importantly the variability and uncertainty shown in the gas demand will also migrate to the electrical demand, which suggests both technical challenges and opportunities for management of future energy networks.

ACS Style

I.A. Grant Wilson; Anthony J.R. Rennie; Yulong Ding; Philip C. Eames; Peter J. Hall; Nicolas Kelly. Historical daily gas and electrical energy flows through Great Britain's transmission networks and the decarbonisation of domestic heat. Energy Policy 2013, 61, 301 -305.

AMA Style

I.A. Grant Wilson, Anthony J.R. Rennie, Yulong Ding, Philip C. Eames, Peter J. Hall, Nicolas Kelly. Historical daily gas and electrical energy flows through Great Britain's transmission networks and the decarbonisation of domestic heat. Energy Policy. 2013; 61 ():301-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I.A. Grant Wilson; Anthony J.R. Rennie; Yulong Ding; Philip C. Eames; Peter J. Hall; Nicolas Kelly. 2013. "Historical daily gas and electrical energy flows through Great Britain's transmission networks and the decarbonisation of domestic heat." Energy Policy 61, no. : 301-305.

Conference paper
Published: 15 February 2013 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy
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ACS Style

Graeme M Burt; Evgueniy Entchev; Geoffrey P Hammond; Nicolas J Kelly. Special issue on micro-generation and related energy technologies and practices for low carbon buildings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 2013, 227, 3 -7.

AMA Style

Graeme M Burt, Evgueniy Entchev, Geoffrey P Hammond, Nicolas J Kelly. Special issue on micro-generation and related energy technologies and practices for low carbon buildings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy. 2013; 227 (1):3-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Graeme M Burt; Evgueniy Entchev; Geoffrey P Hammond; Nicolas J Kelly. 2013. "Special issue on micro-generation and related energy technologies and practices for low carbon buildings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 227, no. 1: 3-7.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2012 in Energy and Buildings
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Although absorption cooling has been available for many years, the technology has typically been viewed as a poorly performing alternative to vapour compression refrigeration. Rising energy prices and the requirement to improve energy efficiency is however driving renewed interest in the technology, particularly within the context of combined cooling, heat and power systems (CCHP) for buildings. In order to understand the performance of absorption cooling, numerous models are available in the literature. However, the complexities involved in the thermodynamics of absorption chillers have so far restricted researchers to creating steady state or dynamic models reliant on data measurements of the internal chiller state, which require difficult-to-obtain, intrusive measurements. The pragmatic, yet fully-dynamic model described in this paper is designed to be easily calibrated using data obtained from the measurements of inflows and outflows to a chiller, without resorting to intrusive measurements. The model comprises a series of linked control volumes featuring both performance maps and lumped mass volumes, which reflect the underlying physical structure of the device. The model was developed for the ESP-r building simulation tool. This paper describes the modelling approach, theory and limitations, along with its calibration and the application of the model to a specific example

ACS Style

Simon Paul Borg; Nicolas Kelly. The development and calibration of a generic dynamic absorption chiller model. Energy and Buildings 2012, 55, 533 -544.

AMA Style

Simon Paul Borg, Nicolas Kelly. The development and calibration of a generic dynamic absorption chiller model. Energy and Buildings. 2012; 55 ():533-544.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simon Paul Borg; Nicolas Kelly. 2012. "The development and calibration of a generic dynamic absorption chiller model." Energy and Buildings 55, no. : 533-544.

Research article
Published: 03 September 2012 in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy
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In a future power system featuring significant renewable generation, the ability to manipulate domestic demand through the flexible operation of heat-led technologies such as heat pumps and micro-combined heat and power could be a critical factor in providing a secure and stable supply of electrical energy. Using a simulation-based approach, this study examined the linkage between the thermal characteristics of buildings and the scope for flexibility in the operating times of air source heat pumps. This was assessed against the resulting impact on the end-user’s comfort and convenience. A detached dwelling and flat were modelled in detail along with their heating system in order to determine the temporal shift achievable in the heat pump operating times for present-day and future dwellings. The simulation results indicated that the scope for shifting heat pump operating times in the existing building stock was limited, with time shifts of only 1–2 h achieved before there was a serious impact on the comfort of the occupant. However, if insulation levels were dramatically improved and substantial levels of thermal buffering were added into the heating system, sizable time shifts of up to 6 h were achievable without a significant impact on either space or hot water temperatures.

ACS Style

Jun Hong; Nicolas J Kelly; Ian Richardson; Murray Thomson. Assessing heat pumps as flexible load. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 2012, 227, 30 -42.

AMA Style

Jun Hong, Nicolas J Kelly, Ian Richardson, Murray Thomson. Assessing heat pumps as flexible load. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy. 2012; 227 (1):30-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jun Hong; Nicolas J Kelly; Ian Richardson; Murray Thomson. 2012. "Assessing heat pumps as flexible load." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 227, no. 1: 30-42.

Research
Published: 02 August 2012 in Building Research & Information
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At a time when UK and Scottish governments are aiming for zero-carbon housing, there are two key issues for domestic laundering: passive indoor drying, affecting heating use and the indoor environment (addressed elsewhere); and energy and environmental impacts of appliances. Relevant findings are reported on the 2008–2011 study ‘Environmental Assessment of Domestic Laundering’, drawing on monitored data from 22 case studies out of 100 dwellings surveyed in Glasgow. Differing consumer traits and habits, combined with variable technical performance, provide quantitative and qualitative evidence of a wide estimated annual consumption range. Actual usage and energy consumption averaged less than UK predictions; and values did not necessarily correspond with manufacturers' energy ratings. In a wider discussion, case study median and mean extrapolations of electricity consumed by laundering (105 and 174 kWh/person-year) prove significant relative to the proportion of what could be available to a dwelling achieving the German Passivhaus standard. The potential for heat recovery from ‘grey’ water is posited along with other options for mitigating power consumed by appliances. Renewable technology to offset consumption in shared facilities is discussed as a means of easing the performance of individual homes. The foregoing aspects are among key conclusions directed at housing occupiers, providers, national and local governments, and industry. A l'heure où les gouvernements du Royaume-Uni et de l'Ecosse se donnent pour objectif des logements zéro carbone, il existe deux problèmes concernant le lavage domestique: le séchage passif en intérieur, qui affecte l'utilisation du chauffage et l'environnement intérieur (traité par ailleurs) et les incidences énergétiques et environnementales des appareils électroménagers. Il est fait état de résultats pertinents de l'étude 2008–2011 « Evaluation Environnementale du Lavage Domestique », qui s'appuie sur les données de surveillance issues de 22 études de cas sur 100 logements étudiés. Les différences dans les traits et les habitudes de consommation, associées aux variations des performances techniques, fournissent des éléments quantitatifs et qualitatifs probants indiquant une plage de consommation annuelle estimée étendue. L'utilisation et la consommation d'énergie effectives étaient inférieures en moyenne aux prévisions pour le Royaume-Uni; et les valeurs ne correspondaient pas nécessairement aux classements énergétiques des fabricants. Il ressort d'une discussion plus large que la médiane des études de cas et les extrapolations moyennes de l'électricité consommée par le lavage (105 et 174 kWh/personne-an) s'avèrent significatives quant à la part dont pourrait disposer un logement atteignant la norme allemande Passivhaus. Les possibilités de récupération de chaleur à partir des eaux « grises » sont avancées ainsi que d'autres options de réduction de l'énergie consommée par les appareils électroménagers. Il est discuté des technologies renouvelables permettant de compenser la consommation dans des installations partagées comme étant un moyen de réduire les performances attendues de chaque logement. Les aspects qui précèdent figurent parmi les principales conclusions qui s'adressent aux occupants des logements, aux fournisseurs de logements, aux administrations nationales et locales, et à l'industrie. Mots clés: appareils électroménagers, habitudes de consommation, lavage domestique, consommation énergétique, logement, qualité de l'air intérieur, comportement des habitants, charges des prises de courant

ACS Style

C. D.A. Porteous; T. R. Sharpe; R. A. Menon; D. Shearer; H. Musa; P. H. Baker; C. H. Sanders; P. A. Strachan; N. J. Kelly; A. Markopoulos. Energy and environmental appraisal of domestic laundering appliances. Building Research & Information 2012, 40, 679 -699.

AMA Style

C. D.A. Porteous, T. R. Sharpe, R. A. Menon, D. Shearer, H. Musa, P. H. Baker, C. H. Sanders, P. A. Strachan, N. J. Kelly, A. Markopoulos. Energy and environmental appraisal of domestic laundering appliances. Building Research & Information. 2012; 40 (6):679-699.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. D.A. Porteous; T. R. Sharpe; R. A. Menon; D. Shearer; H. Musa; P. H. Baker; C. H. Sanders; P. A. Strachan; N. J. Kelly; A. Markopoulos. 2012. "Energy and environmental appraisal of domestic laundering appliances." Building Research & Information 40, no. 6: 679-699.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2011 in Energy and Buildings
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Across Europe domestic electricity consumption is on the rise. In an attempt to counter this increase, various initiatives have been introduced to promote the replacement of less energy-efficient appliances with more efficient ones. Whilst the likely aggregate effect of such measures over long time periods have been modelled extensively, little is known about the affect that a change to higher efficiency appliances will have on the electrical demand profile of individual households at higher temporal resolutions. To address this issue a means by which established approaches to detailed electrical demand modelling can be adapted to simulate the improvements in the efficiency of appliances is elaborated in this paper. A process is developed by which low-resolution empirical appliance demand data can be transformed to produce high-resolution electrical demand data for different periods in the year, factoring in improvements in appliance performance. The process is applied to simulate the effects a changeover to more energy-efficient appliances would have on the minute resolution demand profiles of a group of households. Results indicate that improving the energy-efficiency of appliances in households leads to a significant reduction in electrical energy requirements but does not appear to have a significant affect on the peak electrical demand

ACS Style

S.P. Borg; Nicolas Kelly. The effect of appliance energy efficiency improvements on domestic electric loads in European households. Energy and Buildings 2011, 43, 2240 -2250.

AMA Style

S.P. Borg, Nicolas Kelly. The effect of appliance energy efficiency improvements on domestic electric loads in European households. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43 (9):2240-2250.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.P. Borg; Nicolas Kelly. 2011. "The effect of appliance energy efficiency improvements on domestic electric loads in European households." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 9: 2240-2250.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2011 in Energy and Buildings
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In the UK, gas boilers are the predominant energy source for heating in housing, due primarily to the ready availability of natural gas. The take-up of heat pumps has lagged far behind Europe and North America. However, with the development of standards for low and zero-carbon housing, gas price rises and the depletion of the UK's natural gas reserves, interest in heat pump technology is growing. Heat pumps, particularly air source heat pumps (ASHP), have the potential to be a direct, low-carbon replacement for gas boiler systems in housing. In this paper, monitored data and simulations were used to assess the performance of ASHP when retro-fitted into a dwelling. This required the development and calibration of a model of an ASHP device and its integration into a whole-building, dynamic simulation environment. The predictions of the whole-building model were compared to field trial data, indicating that it provided a suitable test bed for energy performance assessment. Annual simulations indicated that the ASHP produced 12% less carbon that an equivalent condensing gas boiler system, but was around 10% more expensive to run. However, the proposed UK renewable heat incentive transforms this situation, with income from ASHP heat generation exceeding the fuel costs

ACS Style

Nicolas Kelly; J. Cockroft. Analysis of retrofit air source heat pump performance: Results from detailed simulations and comparison to field trial data. Energy and Buildings 2011, 43, 239 -245.

AMA Style

Nicolas Kelly, J. Cockroft. Analysis of retrofit air source heat pump performance: Results from detailed simulations and comparison to field trial data. Energy and Buildings. 2011; 43 (1):239-245.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Kelly; J. Cockroft. 2011. "Analysis of retrofit air source heat pump performance: Results from detailed simulations and comparison to field trial data." Energy and Buildings 43, no. 1: 239-245.

Conference paper
Published: 01 November 2010 in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy
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This paper reviews the current status of microgeneration technologies at the domestic scale. Overviews are given for nine such technologies, grouped into three sections: (a) low carbon heating: condensing boilers, biomass boilers and room heaters, air source and ground source heat pumps; (b) renewables: solar photovoltaic panels, flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal panels and micro-wind; and (c) combined heat and power: Stirling engines, internal combustion engines and fuel cells. Reviews of the construction, operation and performance are given for the leading commercial products of each technology. Wherever possible, data are presented from the field, giving the actual prices paid by customers, efficiencies and energy yields experienced in real-world use, reliability and durability, and the problems faced by users. This information has a UK focus but is generally relevant in the international context. Two issues are found to be prevalent throughout the microgeneration industry. Total installed costs are a premium and vary substantially between technologies, between specific products (e.g. different models of solar panel), and between individual installations. Performance in the field is found in many cases to differ widely from manufacturers’ quotes and laboratory studies, often owing to installation and operational problems. Despite this, microgeneration has demonstrated substantial improvements over conventional generation in terms of fossil fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and energy cost, provided that the appropriate technologies are employed, being installed and operated correctly according to the load requirements of the house and their physical location.

ACS Style

Iain Staffell; Philip Baker; John P. Barton; Noam Bergman; Richard Blanchard; Nigel P. Brandon; Daniel J. L. Brett; Adam Hawkes; David Infield; Christian N. Jardine; Nick Kelly; Matthew Leach; Mardit Matian; Andrew D. Peacock; Sohasini Sudtharalingam; Bridget Woodman. UK microgeneration. Part II: technology overviews. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 2010, 163, 143 -165.

AMA Style

Iain Staffell, Philip Baker, John P. Barton, Noam Bergman, Richard Blanchard, Nigel P. Brandon, Daniel J. L. Brett, Adam Hawkes, David Infield, Christian N. Jardine, Nick Kelly, Matthew Leach, Mardit Matian, Andrew D. Peacock, Sohasini Sudtharalingam, Bridget Woodman. UK microgeneration. Part II: technology overviews. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy. 2010; 163 (4):143-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iain Staffell; Philip Baker; John P. Barton; Noam Bergman; Richard Blanchard; Nigel P. Brandon; Daniel J. L. Brett; Adam Hawkes; David Infield; Christian N. Jardine; Nick Kelly; Matthew Leach; Mardit Matian; Andrew D. Peacock; Sohasini Sudtharalingam; Bridget Woodman. 2010. "UK microgeneration. Part II: technology overviews." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 163, no. 4: 143-165.