Considered to be of greater complexity than the human genome itself, the microbiome, the structure of the body made up of trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, has proven to play a crucial role in the context of the development of pathological processes in the body, starting from various infections, autoimmune diseases, atopies, and culminating in its involvement in the development of some forms of cancer, a diagnosis that is considered the most disabling for the patient from a psychological point of view. Therefore, being a cornerstone in the understanding and optimal treatment of a multitude of ailments, the body’s microbiome has become an intensively studied subject in the scientific literature of the last decade. This review aims to bring the microbiome–asthma correlation up to date by classifying asthmatic patterns, emphasizing the development patterns of the microbiome starting from the perinatal period and the impact of pulmonary dysbiosis on asthmatic symptoms in children. Likewise, the effects of intestinal dysbiosis reflected at the level of homeostasis of the internal environment through the intestine–lung/vital organs axis, the circumstances in which it occurs, but also the main methods of studying bacterial variability used for diagnostic purposes and in research should not be omitted. In conclusion, we draw current and future therapeutic lines worthy of consideration both in obtaining and maintaining remission, as well as in delaying the development of primary acute episodes and preventing future relapses.

Numerous interrelationships are known in the literature that have the final effect of unmasking or influencing various pathologies. Among these, the present article aims to discuss the connection between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the human microbiome. The main purpose of this work is to popularize information about the impact of dysbiosis on the pathogenesis and evolutionary course of pediatric patients with SLE. Added to this is the interest in knowledge and awareness of adjunctive therapeutic means that has the ultimate goal of increasing the quality of life. The means by which this can be achieved can be briefly divided into prophylactic or curative, depending on the phase of the condition in which the patient is. We thus reiterate the importance of the clinician acquiring an overview of SLE and the human microbiome, doubled by in-depth knowledge of the physio-pathogenic interactions between the two (in part achieved through the much-studied gut-target organ axes—brain, heart, lung, skin), with the target objective being that of obtaining individualized, multimodal and efficient management for each individual patient.

Various enteropathies, including immune-mediated (IME) and infection-related conditions, can lead to small intestinal mucosal injury and malabsorption. While immune dysregulation plays a central role in diseases like celiac disease and autoimmune enteropathy, other conditions such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and tropical sprue (TS) involve infectious or microbial pathogenesis. Common clinical manifestations include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies. While celiac disease (CD) remains the most prevalent IME in adults, an expanding spectrum of non-celiac enteropathies has been recognized, including autoimmune enteropathy (AIE), common variable immunodeficiency disease (CVID), olmesartan-induced enteropathy, tropical sprue, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. These conditions often present with overlapping clinical, serological, and histological features, complicating their differentiation from CD. Accurate diagnosis is critical for the timely initiation of effective treatment to prevent disease progression and associated complications such as severe malabsorption and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). The small intestine plays a dual role in nutrient absorption and immune regulation, making it uniquely vulnerable to immune dysregulation. In IMEs, hyperactive immune responses disrupt intestinal homeostasis, leading to mucosal damage and impaired nutrient absorption. Although CD is the prototypical IME, increasing the recognition of non-celiac IMEs, it highlights the need for a more nuanced approach to small bowel biopsy interpretation. This review explores the histopathological and clinical features of common IMEs, with a focus on distinguishing non-celiac disorders that mimic CD. By enhancing the understanding of these conditions, this review aims to improve diagnostic accuracy, facilitate appropriate therapeutic interventions, and mitigate complications associated with delayed or misdiagnosis. A multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists and pathologists is emphasized to optimize outcomes for patients with IMEs. Immune-mediated enteropathies result from an abnormal immune response of the small intestinal mucosa to non-pathogenic molecules, often leading to malabsorption syndrome. The most common symptoms include weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies. While celiac disease (CD) is the most well-known immune-mediated enteropathy (IME) in adults, other related disorders have been identified in recent years. These conditions share many clinical and histopathological features, therefore making differentiations between them challenging. This study aims to review the most common immune-mediated enteropathies, with a focus on non-celiac disorders that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of celiac disease in small bowel biopsies.

A novel electrochemical detection method utilizing a cost-effective hybrid-modified electrode has been established. A glassy carbon (GC) modified electrode was tested for its ability to measure electrochemical tTG antibody levels, which are essential for diagnosing and monitoring Celiac disease (CD). Tissue transglutaminase protein biomolecules are immobilized on a quantum dots-polypyrrole nanocomposite in the improved electrode. Initial, quantum dots (QDs) were obtained from Bombyx mori silk fibroin and embedded in polypyrrole film. Using carbodiimide coupling, a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer was linked with GQDs-polypyrrole film to improve sensor sensitivity. The tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antigen was cross-linked onto PAMAM using N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)-N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) chemistry to develop a nanoprobe that can detect human serum anti-tTG antibodies. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were examined by FTIR, UV-visible, FE-SEM, EDX, and electrochemical studies. The novel electrode measures anti-tissue antibody levels in real time using human blood serum samples. The modified electrode has great repeatability and an 8.7 U/mL detection limit. Serum samples from healthy people and CD patients were compared to standard ELISA kit assays. SPSS and Excel were used for statistical analysis. The improved electrode and detection system can identify anti-tissue antibodies up to 80 U/mL.

For several decades, before the 19th century, pediatric pathology was considered to be an annex of adult pathology and treated as a secondary matter in medical practice