This paper conducts an in-depth study on the theoretical foundations and optimization mechanisms of instruction tuning for multi-task generalization. We propose a unified, parameter-efficient tuning framework that integrates instruction embedding modeling, task similarity regularization, and gradient alignment. The goal is to enhance the generalization and robustness of large language models under complex task combinations. Current instruction tuning methods often suffer from representation shift, objective conflict, and gradient interference when handling heterogeneous tasks. To address these issues, we propose a systematic solution from both structural design and optimization perspectives. Methodologically, we introduce semantically aligned instruction encodings to improve representation consistency across tasks. During optimization, we apply gradient projection to reduce inter-task update conflicts and adopt a dynamic weighting strategy based on gradient variation to enhance training stability and coordination. On the theoretical side, we construct an upper bound on generalization error based on Rademacher complexity and KL divergence of distributional shifts. This provides a formal characterization of the performance boundaries in multi-task instruction tuning. We conduct multiple experiments on the Super-NaturalInstructions dataset. The evaluation covers various aspects, including different instruction formulations, generalization to unseen tasks, and robustness under task combinations. Results show that the proposed method outperforms baselines on key metrics. The findings confirm its effectiveness in improving generalization under high task heterogeneity and reducing the risk of conflicts during cross-task learning.

This study addresses the challenges of unstructured expressions, semantic ambiguity, and noise interference in named entity recognition tasks on social texts. A recognition method is proposed that integrates the BiLSTM-CRF model with multi-source social features. The method uses a bidirectional long short-term memory network to extract contextual semantic information and applies a conditional random field for globally optimal sequence labeling. On this basis, social semantic features such as user interaction relations and topic labels are incorporated through feature concatenation. This enhances the model's ability to distinguish entity boundaries and categories. Experiments are conducted on the Twitter NER dataset. A systematic comparison is performed across different word embedding strategies, multi-source feature fusion settings, and input sequence lengths. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the baseline models in accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. In particular, it demonstrates stronger robustness and recognition ability when dealing with non-standard social texts. The model framework and experimental analysis presented in this paper offer effective technical support and methodological reference for named entity recognition in social text environments.