This paper proposes a high-performing, hybrid method for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The approach is based on an intelligent Nonlinear Discrete Proportional–Integral–Derivative (N-DPID) controller with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. The feedback gains derived are optimized by a metaheuristic algorithm called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed methods appear to present adequate solutions to overcome the drawbacks of existing methods despite various weather conditions considered in the analysis, providing a robust solution for dynamic environmental conditions. The results showed better performance and accuracy compared to those encountered in the literature. We also recall that this technique provides a systematic design procedure in the search for the MPPT in photovoltaic (PV) systems that has not yet been documented in the literature to the best of our knowledge.

Because of the uncertain meaning in the original publication