Evidence indicates that graphic organizers, such as concept maps and argument maps, could help students develop a stronger argumentation ability and build effective argumentative structures. In this study, we designed a computer-aided argumentative essay writing system to assist students in learning structures of argumentation and in enhancing their argumentation abilities. In this study, an experiment was conducted on students in an elementary school in New Taipei City for fourteenth weeks. This included a total of 11 classes (272 students), which were divided into three groups: the argument map writing group, the concept map writing group, and the conventional argumentative writing group. The experimental results showed that the argumentative essays produced by the students in the argument map writing group were superior to those written by students in the other two groups.

We demonstrate for the first time (to our knowledge) that a high-quality image can still be obtained in atmospheric turbulence by applying adaptive optical ghost imaging (AOGI) system even when conventional ghost imaging system fails to produce an image. The performance of AOGI under different strength of atmospheric turbulence is investigated by simulation. The influence of adaptive optics system with different numbers of adaptive mirror elements on obtained image quality is also studied.

The analytical expression for the root-mean-square (Rms) beam width of the radial Gaussian beam array propagating in oceanic turbulence is derived, where the coherent combination is considered. Meanwhile, the analytical expression for effect of the turbulence on the beam F is also obtained. Giving a comparison of results of F calculated by the analytical expression and the previously integrating one, it can be seen that the two results are in agreement with each other exactly. Further, the influences of the rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature${\chi }_T$, the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of seawater $\epsilon$and the ratio of temperature to salinity contribution to the refractive index spectrum w are investigated. The results indicate that the Rms beam width increases as ${\chi }_T$increases, $\epsilon$decreases and the salinity-induced turbulence dominates. Moreover, the changings of effective radius of curvature with mentioned above parameters are studied. The strength of turbulence determines the value of effective radius of curvature, and which decreases as${\chi }_T$and w increases, and $\epsilon$decreases.

Recent work has indicated that ghost imaging might find useful application in standoff sensing where atmospheric turbulence is a serious problem. There has been theoretical study of ghost imaging in the presence of turbulence. However, most work has addressed signal-wavelength ghost imaging. Two-wavelength ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence is theoretically studied in this paper. Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral, the analytical expressions describing atmospheric turbulence effects on the point spread function (PSF) and field of view (FOV) are derived. The computational case is also reported.

Based on the power spectrum of oceanic turbulence proposed by Nikishov, the analytical expressions for average intensity of $M\times N$ Gaussian array beams propagating in oceanic turbulence are derived, where the coherent and incoherent combinations are considered. Using the focused beam, the intensity can be received at the same point. The changes of the average intensity versus three oceanic parameters are investigated.