A gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium identified as Vibrio alginolyticus was isolated from diseased Litopenaeus vannamei (also called Penaeus vannamei) in Taiwanese culture ponds. The diseased shrimp displayed poor growth, anorexia, inactivity, reddish pleural borders of antennae, uropods and telson, opaque and whitish musculature, and mortality. In histological preparations, melanized hemocytic granulomas were observed in the connective tissue around hemal sinuses together with hemocytic aggregation in necrotic musculature. Six isolates of Vibrio were collected from diseased shrimp at 3 farms, and these were evaluated for characteristics including morphology, physiology, biochemistry and sensitivity to antibiotics. The results indicated that the isolates belonged to a single species that grew in 1 to 8% NaCl, at 10 to 40 degrees C and on TCBS (thiosulfatecitrate-bile sucrose) agar, and that gave positive catalase, O/F (Oxidation/Fermentation), lysine decarboxylase, gelatinase and cytochrome-oxidase tests. Identification of CH003 (1 of 6 isolates) was confirmed by PCR assay for V. alginolyticus (expected amplicon 1486 bp). The 16S rDNA sequence (GenBank accession number AY373027) gave 99.9% sequence identity to V. alginolyticus (GenBank accession number X74690). The calculated 96 h LD50 dose of the isolated strain was 3.0 x 10(5) colony forming units (CFU) shrimp(-1) (6.6 x 10(4) CFU g(-1)).

Recent work suggested that the presence of specific memory or some form of adaptive immunity occurs in insects and shrimp. Hypervariable pattern recognition molecules, known as Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules, are able to mount specific recognition, and immune priming in invertebrates. In the present study, we attempted to understand the immune response pattern of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei which received primary (PE) and secondary exposure (SE) to Vibrio alginolyticus. Immune parameters and proliferation of haematopoietic tissues (HPTs) of shrimp which had received PE and SE to V. alginolyticus were measured. In the PE trial, the immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of shrimp that received heat-killed V. alginolyticus (HVa) and formalin-inactivated V. alginolyticus (FVa) were measured. Mortality, immune parameters and proliferation of HPTs of 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to HVa after 7 days) and 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp (shrimp that received primary exposure to FVa after 7 days) following SE to live V. alginolyticus (LVa) were measured. Phagocytic activity and clearance efficiency were examined for the 7∼35-day-HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp. HVa-receiving shrimp showed an earlier increase in the immune response on day 1, whereas FVa-receiving shrimp showed a late increase in the immune response on day 5. The 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed enhancement of immunity when encountering SE to LVa, whereas 7-day-HVa-PE shrimp showed a minor enhancement in immunity. 7-day-FVa-PE shrimp showed higher proliferation and an HPT mitotic index. Both phagocytic activity and clearance maintained higher for both HVa-PE and FVa-PE shrimp after 28 days. HVa- and FVa-receiving shrimp showed the bacteria agglutinated prior to being phagocytised. FVa functions as a vaccine, whereas HVa functions as an inducer and can be used as an immune adjuvant. A combined mixture of FVa and HVa can serve as a “vaccine component” to modulate the immunity of shrimp.