Different concentrations of asafoetida extract were added to the medium of Pleurotus ferulic and the effects of the extract on growth of P. ferulic mycelium and fruiting bodies was observed. As the amount of asafoetida extract additive was increased, the growth of Pleurotus mycelium was faster, the time formation of buds was shorter and that yield of fruiting bodies was stimulated. However, overdosing of asafoetida extract hampered the growth of Pleurotus ferulic. The amino acid composition and volatile components in three kinds of pleurotus’ were contrasted, including wild pleurotus (WP), cultivated pleurotus with asafoetida extract (CPAE) and cultivated pleurotus without asafoetida extract (CP). CPAE with 2.3 g/100 g asafoetida extract addition had the highest content of total amino acids, as well as essential amino acids. WP had a higher content of total amino acids and essential amino acids than CP. In addition, CPAE with 2.3 g/100 g had the highest score of protein content of pleurotus fruiting bodies, while WP had a higher score than CP. In the score of essential amino acid components of pleurotus fruiting bodies, CP had the highest score, while CPAE was higher than WP. Asafoetida extract influenced the volatile components of Pleurotus ferulic greatly, making the volatile components of cultivated pleurotus more similar to those of wild pleurotus (WP).

To characterize cultivar-specific metabolic differences between Marselan and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes cultivated in the Manas subregion on the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China, mature berries from the two cultivars grown in adjacent plots within the same vineyard were analyzed, with three independent biological replicates per cultivar (n = 3). Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC–Q Exactive MS was used to compare the overall metabolic profiles of the two cultivars. PCA revealed clear separation between their global metabolic profiles in both positive- and negative-ion modes. A total of 236 candidate differential metabolites were identified using VIP > 1 and unadjusted p < 0.05, of which 34 further met FDR ≤ 0.05 and |log₂FC| ≥ 1. After reviewing metabolite annotation evidence and grape berry metabolic context, 13 biologically interpretable features were selected for hierarchical clustering in the main text. KEGG analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthesis remained significantly enriched after multiple-testing correction, whereas phenylalanine metabolism and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also showed distinct differential metabolite mapping patterns. Overall, Marselan and Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited distinct cultivar-associated metabolic phenotypes in mature berries, mainly involving phenylalanine and its downstream phenolic and flavonoid-related metabolic processes. Given the limited sample size and the risk of overfitting in supervised models, the conclusions were interpreted mainly on the basis of PCA, multiple-testing-corrected univariate statistics, and metabolite annotation evidence.