Objectives: Clinical biochemistry laboratories (CBL) are the most frequently utilized laboratory group in healthcare, and their significance in patient care is indisputable. This study investigated the frequency and pattern of test utilization rate in CBL at two large hospitals’ outpatient and inpatient clinics. Methods: A total of 43,732,428 CBL tests, including clinical chemistry, immunoassay, coagulation, specific proteins, CBC, and urinalysis, were conducted for 12,182,382 patients across two large hospitals in different settings between 2018 and 2022. These tests were analyzed alongside patient admissions data, with a focus on the distribution across various clinics. Results: A total of 94 % and 93 % of those admitted to Hospitals 1 and 2 were outpatients. They had applied to CBL laboratories for 27.1–30.3 % of outpatients and 81.2–88.7 % of inpatients for at least one test. When analyzing the rates at which laboratory tests were requested for outpatients, it was found that emergency departments had the highest test-requesting rates, ranging from 19.99 to 45.36 %. This was followed by internal medicine clinics, with rates ranging from 13.77 to 14.8 %, and inpatient intensive care units, with rates between 24.31 and 30.14 %. Outpatients had 10–11 test requests for each patient and 16–31 for inpatients. The most frequently requested laboratory tests were CBC, glucose, creatinine, urea, AST and ALT in two hospitals. Conclusions: Despite significant variations in location, structure, medical staff, and patient demographics, approximately one-third of outpatients and 85 % of inpatients at these hospitals undergo testing in CBL. CBLs are essential for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and healthcare treatment.

Objectives: There has been a growing rate of obesity among children and adolescents in recent years. Understanding the molecular mechanisms is crucial for grasping the onset and progression. Adipose tissue is recognized for its role in endocrine functions, releasing adipokines that play a vital role in the metabolic disruptions linked to obesity. Given the involvement of adipokines such as FSTL-1 (follistatin related protein 1), FAM19A5 (family with sequence similarity to 19 member A5), and CTRP-6 (C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 6) in this condition, the primary goal of our study was to explore the connection between these adipokines, metabolic parameters, anthropometric data, and obesity. Methods: Seventy-nine children aged 0–10 years with exogenous obesity and 88 healthy children were included in the study. Adipokine levels were measured using ELISA. The relationship between biochemical parameters and anthropometric data was also evaluated. Results: CTRP6 was 6.11 (4.95–8.13) ng/mL in the obese group and 2.79 (1.73–4.58) ng/mL in the healthy control group (p<0.0001); FSLT1 was 157.7 (130.5–216.5) ng/mL in the obese group and 187.4 (151.8–289.6) ng/mL in the healthy control group (p=0.0003), FAM19A5 was 590.8 (476.4–703.9) ng/L in the obese group and 736.8 (491.8–1,719.0) ng/L in the healthy control group (p=0.0003). Conclusions: CTRP6 levels were found to be higher in obese children than in the healthy control group, while FSLT1 and FAM19A5 levels were found to be lower. Changes in the levels of these adipokines may play important roles in obesity and related conditions.

Objectives Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a biochemical diagnostic method used in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of monoclonal gammopathies. Paraproteinaemias involve overproduction of immunoglobulins, known as paraproteins or monoclonal proteins (M-proteins). M-protein can be detected as a sharp band on serum protein electrophoresis (SPE). Paraprotein types produced in monoclonal gammopathies can be detected by the IFE method. In our study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the types of paraproteinaemia detected by the IFE method in the laboratory and to compare our data with the literature. Methods A retrospective evaluation of the IFE results of a medical biochemistry laboratory of a tertiary care education and research hospital in Turkey in terms of the frequency and type of monoclonal gammopathy was performed in 2022. Serum free kappa/lambda (κ/λ) ratios and IFE results were compared. Results In our study, 1,169 serum IFE results were retrospectively analyzed, and paraprotein bands were detected in 116 different cases. The frequency of detected paraproteins was determined to be 10 %. A comparison between serum free κ/λ ratios and IFE results yielded 87 % concordance. Conclusions In our retrospective analysis, we obtained results similar to those reported in the literature in terms of serum immunofixation data, age, gender, and immunoglobulin types. We identified IgG-κ (20 %) as the most common paraprotein type. We believe that our study will contribute to the literature in terms of the frequency and variety of paraproteinemia. The κ/λ ratio is of limited use, since most abnormal IFE sera have normal free light chain (FLC) ratios.

Background/Objectives: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a critical cardiovascular condition influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase-1 (DNMT-1) genes are linked to cardiovascular diseases, yet their specific roles in ACS pathogenesis remain unclear. This study examines the association of MTHFR C677T and DNMT-1 +32204 A/G polymorphisms with ACS and their potential contribution to genetic risk profiling. Methods: A case–control study was conducted with 212 participants, including 106 ACS patients and 106 controls. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed to determine genotypic and allelic frequencies using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Statistical analyses were performed to assess associations between gene polymorphisms and ACS risk. Results: The MTHFR C677T polymorphism showed a strong association with ACS. The CC genotype significantly increased risk (OR: 7.34; 95% CI: 2.28–23.6; p < 0.001), while the C allele was also associated with higher susceptibility (OR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.46–3.35; p < 0.001). Conversely, the T allele exhibited a protective effect, being more frequent in controls (62.9% vs. 37.1% in ACS; p = 0.000). Elevated troponin I levels in ACS patients with the TT genotype (p = 0.025) suggested a link between MTHFR variants and disease severity. However, DNMT-1 +32204 A/G polymorphisms showed no significant association with ACS risk. Conclusions: The MTHFR C677T polymorphism influences ACS susceptibility, with the CC genotype as a risk factor and the T allele offering potential protection.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a major cardiovascular emergency influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Thrombophilic variants such as prothrombin G20210A (rs1799963) and factor V Leiden G1691A (rs6025) may influence thrombin generation and has been reported to show associations with coronary events. Methods: This case–control study included 100 ACS patients and 131 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of rs1799963 and rs6025 was performed using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. Results: The GG genotype was markedly more common among ACS patients for both variants. For rs1799963, carriers of the A allele (GA + AA) were less common in ACS (2.0%) than controls (9.2%; p = 0.039), corresponding to an 8.6-fold higher odds of ACS in GG carriers (OR = 8.624; 95% CI: 1.757–42.345; p = 0.008). For rs6025, A allele carriers (9.0%) were also reduced in ACS versus controls (18.3%; p = 0.049), and GG homozygotes exhibited a 2.6-fold higher risk (OR = 2.635; 95% CI: 1.104–6.290; p = 0.029). Age was independently associated with higher ACS risk (OR = 1.047; 95% CI: 1.029–1.066; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the rs1799963 and rs6025 variants were independently associated with ACS, together with advancing age. Both the GG genotype and older age were associated with higher odds of ACS, whereas A-allele carriers appeared less common among ACS cases.

Serial presepsin measurements were evaluated for their prognostic value compared with conventional laboratory markers in predicting in-hospital mortality among older adults with hip fractures. This prospective observational study included 85 patients aged ≥65 years admitted with acute hip fractures between December 2025 and May 2026. Residual serum remaining after routine clinical laboratory sampling was obtained on admission (Day 1), Day 3, and Day 5; serum presepsin was measured by commercial ELISA, and routine parameters (C-reactive protein [CRP], white blood cell count, lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, and liver enzymes) were analysed in the hospital laboratory. Renal function was assessed by serial creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Patients were classified as survivors or non-survivors according to in-hospital outcome. Temporal trajectories were modelled with a linear mixed-effects model fitted to log-transformed presepsin, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed predictive performance, and internal validity was examined by bootstrap resampling. Of the 85 patients, 68 survived and 17 died during hospitalization; all deaths occurred between hospital days 5 and 12. Presepsin diverged progressively between groups, reaching significantly higher concentrations in non-survivors by Day 5 (median 207.70 vs. 147.21 ng/L; p < 0.001), with a Day 5 group-by-time interaction ratio of 1.76 (95% CI 1.38–2.25; p < 0.001). Day 5 presepsin showed the highest predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.868, 95% CI 0.774–0.945; optimism-corrected AUC 0.866), significantly outperforming CRP (AUC = 0.606; p = 0.003) and platelet count (AUC = 0.485; p < 0.001). The association persisted after adjustment for age, ASA class, fracture type, and eGFR, and Day 5 presepsin added discrimination to a baseline clinical model (ΔAUC 0.125; p = 0.015). The Youden-derived cutoff of 169.54 ng/L was unstable across bootstrap resamples (95% range 169.5–207.7 ng/L). Serial presepsin measurement, particularly on Day 5, is associated with in-hospital mortality in this population; these exploratory findings require external validation before any clinical application can be considered.