Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a promising strategy for addressing bone defects and disorders that cannot be repaired through traditional methods. This field leverages the potential of various biomaterials, cells, and bioactive factors to promote bone regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained significant attention due to their osteogenic potential, which can be enhanced through osteoinductive factors. Osteoinductive factors, including growth factors like BMPs, TGF-β, VEGF, and IGF, play a crucial role in stimulating the osteodifferentiation process, thereby promoting bone regeneration. Furthermore, bioprinting technologies have opened new avenues for precisely designing scaffolds that can mimic the native bone architecture and provide a conducive environment for MSC differentiation. The integration of bioprinting with mesenchymal stem cells and osteoinductive factors has the potential to revolutionize regenerative therapies by allowing for the creation of patient-specific bone grafts. This review highlights the latest developments in MSC-based therapies, the role of osteoinductive factors, and the impact of bioprinting in advancing BTE. It also discusses future directions for improving the efficacy and clinical translation of these technologies.

Regenerative medicine offers innovative solutions through cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques to address irreparable bone damage. Engineered structures play an important role in enhancing the body's natural healing process, especially in cases where extensive bone loss prevents natural recovery. This article provides an overview of the most commonly used scaffolds in tissue engineering for bone regeneration. Given that bone is a rigid and inflexible tissue, scaffolds designed for bone repair must be made from materials that possess similar hardness. For example, bioactive glasses are an ideal material, as they form a crystal layer of hydroxyapatite when exposed to the body's physiological fluids. The choice of manufacturing method depends on the structure of the tissue being studied. Scaffolds are crucial in tissue engineering, and various methods have been developed to create effective scaffolds. One of these methods is electrospinning, which allows the creation of fibers ranging from several microns to nanometers in size by altering specific conditions. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of electrospun fibers increases cell adhesion and proliferation on the scaffold. Consequently, scaffolds made by electrospinning, combining bioactive glass and polymer materials, provide a promising foundation for the treatment of bone diseases.