Within the 21st century, in the Maritime Silk Road, wave energy, a clean renewable source, is drawing more interest, especially in areas with power shortages. This paper investigates wave energy in ships, particularly in a hybrid electric bulk carrier, by designing a system that supplements the existing power setup with oscillating buoy wave energy converters. The system includes diesel generators (DGs), a wave energy generation system, heterogeneous energy storage (consisting of battery storage (BS) and thermal storage (TS)), a combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) unit, and a power-to-thermal conversion (PtC) unit. To ensure safe and reliable navigation despite uncertainties in wave energy output, onboard power loads, and outdoor temperature, a robust coordination method is adopted. This method employs a two-stage robust optimization (RO) strategy to coordinate the various onboard units across different time scales, minimizing operational costs while satisfying all operational constraints, even in the worst-case scenarios. By applying constraint linearization, the robust coordination model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved using an efficient solver. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through case studies and comparisons with existing ship operation benchmarks, demonstrating significant reductions in operational costs and robust performance under various uncertain conditions. Notably, the simulation results for the Singapore–Trincomalee route show an 18.4% reduction in carbon emissions compared to conventional systems.

In this paper, the uncertainty analysis method of ITTC (2017) for ship model self-propulsion tests was studied, and the shortcomings of the ITTC method were analyzed. Combined with the ship model self-propulsion tests carried out by SSSRI, an improved uncertainty analysis method was proposed. First of all, the ship model self-propulsion test process was combed to determine the

CFD uncertainty analysis is a process to measure the accuracy of numerical simulation results, and it is also a research hotspot in the past decades, but the CFD uncertainty analysis method is always in the discussion stage, and there is no recognized analysis method for most CFD engineers. However, ITTC (2017) requires uncertainty analysis of ship CFD simulation results, that is,