Introduction: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) are drugs used to treat diabetes by enhancing insulin sensitivity and secretion. Recent studies suggest their potential anti-cancer effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study evaluates the combined effects of GLP-1 RAs and radiotherapy (RT) on breast cancer progression in a BALB/c mouse model. Materials and Methods: In this study, BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1 breast cancer cells to induce tumors. The mice were randomly assigned to five groups: control, placebo, GLP-1 RA, RT, and combined GLP-1 RA with RT. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on the tumor tissues to assess changes in morphology and protein expression related to inflammation and apoptosis. In vitro, cell viability assays were also conducted on 4T1 cells to evaluate the effects of GLP-1 RA and RT. Results: The combination of GLP-1 RA and RT resulted in significant tumor size reduction compared to the other treatment groups. Histological analysis showed improved tissue morphology, with restored healthy appearance in tumors treated with both GLP-1 RA and radiotherapy. Immunohistochemical staining revealed changes in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. In vitro assays demonstrated that the combined treatment significantly decreased the viability of 4T1 breast cancer cells. Conclusion: This study concludes that the GLP-1 RAs and RT combination enhances tumor control and improves histological outcomes in a breast cancer model. This approach offers a promising strategy for patients with coexisting diabetes and breast cancer, potentially improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.

Background and Objectives: Glioblastoma presents a significant challenge in oncology due to its aggressive nature and poor prognosis, despite advancements in treatment. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic significance of coagulation biomarkers, including the novel albumin/D-dimer ratio, in adult glioblastoma patients. Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 74 adult glioblastoma patients who underwent Stupp protocol treatment. Blood samples were collected before radiotherapy to measure biomarkers, including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), albumin, D-dimer, and the albumin/D-dimer ratio. The prognostic significance of these biomarkers for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) was assessed using both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results: The median follow-up time was 12.2 months (range, 1–77.4 months). Univariate analysis revealed that ECOG performance status (p = 0.001), D-dimer (p = 0.03), and albumin (p = 0.001) were significant prognostic factors for PFS. Multivariate analysis identified albumin (p = 0.02) as an independent prognostic biomarker for PFS. For OS, univariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.004), ECOG performance status (p = 0.001), tumor volume (p = 0.007), extent of resection (p = 0.01), radiotherapy dose (p = 0.001), D-dimer (p = 0.02), albumin (p = 0.001), albumin/D-dimer ratio (p = 0.02), and PT (p = 0.002) were significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis revealed age (p = 0.04), extent of resection (p = 0.02), and PT (p = 0.04) as independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the prognostic significance of coagulation biomarkers, particularly PT, D-dimer, albumin, and the albumin/D-dimer ratio, in glioblastoma. These biomarkers may serve as valuable tools for prognostic assessment and personalized treatment strategies, warranting further exploration in larger prospective studies.

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th edition prognostic staging was introduced to improve breast cancer staging by incorporating factors like hormone receptor status and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) expression. This study assesses its effectiveness in locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). A total of 557 patients with locally advanced breast cancer (Stage III) were re-evaluated using prognostic staging. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) rates were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was employed to compare outcomes between anatomic and prognostic staging. According to restaging 34.5% of patients remained in the same stage, while 55.8% were downstaged, and 9.7% were upstaged. When patients reassigned using prognostic staging patients classified as stage IIA showed improved OS rates compared to those in stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC (p< 0.001 for each). Patients with prognostic stage IIA had better DFS compared to IIIA, IIIB (p= 0.003, and p< 0.001, respectively). Both anatomic and prognostic staging were found to significantly impact OS in patients with Luminal-A tumors (p= 0.008 and p= 0.001, respectively), whereas neither anatomic nor prognostic stage had any impact on triple negative subgroup. When stage IIIA patients restaged, downstaged individuals showed better OS than those who stayed at the same stage or were upstaged (p= 0.01 and p= 0.02, respectively). This study highlights the prognostic staging system’s superiority over anatomic staging in predicting survival outcomes for LABC, and the use of the prognostic staging system for more personalized treatment strategies. Keywords: Breast cancer, Radiotherapy, Anatomic staging, Prognostic staging

Computed Tomography (CT) images taken in cancer treatments are important in treatment portal design and planning. The dose received by the patient in CT scans are not considered in the treatment planning dose calculation and becomes important in calculating the limit doses of the critical organs with critical dose threshold. In this study, the change of the dose received by some of the critical organs, namely the heart, liver, and kidneys, according to the height of the patient was investigated with the NCICT code using the Monte Carlo technique. As a result, doses were changed by the height of the patients.