Technological advancement and the COVID-19 pandemic have brought virtual learning and working into our daily lives. Extended realities (XR), an umbrella term for all the immersive technologies that merge virtual and physical experiences, will undoubtedly be an indispensable part of future clinical practice. The intuitive and three-dimensional nature of XR has great potential to benefit healthcare providers and empower patients and physicians. In the past decade, the implementation of XR into cardiovascular medicine has flourished such that it is now integrated into medical training, patient education, pre-procedural planning, intra-procedural visualization, and post-procedural care. This review article discussed how XR could provide innovative care and complement traditional practice, as well as addressing its limitations and considering its future perspectives.

Background: Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a common complication of ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and can lead to adverse cardiovascular events. Whether CMD after STEMI is associated with functional left ventricular remodeling (FLVR) and diastolic dysfunction, has not been investigated. Methods and Results: This is a nonrandomized, observational, prospective study of patients with STEMI with multivessel disease. Coronary flow reserve and index of microcirculatory resistance of the culprit vessel were measured at 3 months post‐STEMI. CMD was defined as index of microcirculatory resistance ≥25 or coronary flow reserve <2.0 with a normal fractional flow reserve. We examined the association between CMD, LV diastolic dysfunction, FLVR, and major adverse cardiac events at 12‐month follow‐up. A total of 210 patients were enrolled; 59.5% were men, with a median age of 65 (interquartile range, 58–76) years. At 3‐month follow‐up, 57 patients (27.14%) exhibited CMD. After 12 months, when compared with patients without CMD, patients with CMD had poorer LV systolic function recovery (−10.00% versus 8.00%; P <0.001), higher prevalence of grade 2 LV diastolic dysfunction (73.08% versus 1.32%; P <0.001), higher prevalence of group 3 or 4 FLVR (11.32% versus 7.28% and 22.64% versus 1.99%, respectively; P <0.001), and higher incidence of major adverse cardiac events (50.9% versus 9.8%; P <0.001). Index of microcirculatory resistance was independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction and adverse FLVR. Conclusions: CMD is present in ≈1 of 4 patients with STEMI during follow‐up. Patients with CMD have a higher prevalence of LV diastolic dysfunction, adverse FLVR, and major adverse cardiac events at 12 months compared with those without CMD. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique Identifier: NCT05406297.

This paper will forecast advancements in coronary revascularization by 2040, drawing on historical trends and recent breakthroughs. Having forecasted in 2000 the impact of innovations like drug-eluting stents, coronary computed tomography angiography, and bioresorbable scaffolds, the authors examine the evolving landscape of coronary artery disease treatment emphasizing artificial intelligence and omics sciences. Imagenomics—the integration of imaging and omics—will be a transformative tool with artificial intelligence enabling more personalized decisions between pharmacological and mechanical revascularization. The shift towards minimally invasive, image-guided procedures is discussed along with the potential obsolescence of current antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies with novel biomimetic peptides like CD31-covalently bound to metallic or polymeric devices. Advances in photon-counting computed tomography and Fibre Optic Real Shape promise high-resolution imaging with lower radiation, enhancing procedural safety and diagnostic accuracy. It is anticipated that robotics and 3D holograms in percutaneous and surgical revascularization will improve precision and the resulting outcomes. Additionally, the need for mechanical revascularization for younger patients may decline due to effective plaque regression therapies and novel potent anti-atherogenic biologics. However, the aging population will drive demand for mechanical interventions, with advancements in atherectomy and lithotripsy techniques improving outcomes in complex, calcified lesions. This comprehensive analysis outlines a future where myocardial revascularization becomes increasingly personalized, with technology-driven interventions redefining cardiovascular medicine.