An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a crucial element in cyber security concerns. IDS is a safeguarding module that is designed to identify unauthorized activities in network environments. The importance of constructing IDSs has never been this significant with the growing number of attacks on network layers. This research work was intended to draw the attention of the authors to a different aspect of intrusion detection, considering privacy and the contribution of the features on attack classes. At present, the majority of the existing IDSs are designed based on centralized infrastructure, which raises serious concerns about security as the network data from one system are exposed to another system. This act of sharing the original network data with another server can worsen the current arrangement of protecting privacy within the network. In addition, the existing IDS models are merely a tool for identifying the attack categories without analyzing a further emphasis of the network feature on the attacks. In this article, we propose a novel framework, FEDXAIIDS, converging federated learning and explainable AI. The proposed approach enables IDS models to be collaboratively trained across multiple decentralized devices while ensuring that local data remain securely on edge nodes, thus mitigating privacy risks. The primary objectives of the proposed study are to reveal the privacy concerns of centralized systems and identify the most significant features to comprehend the contribution of the features to the final output. Our proposed model was designed, fusing federated learning (FL) with Shapley additive explanations (SHAPs), using an artificial neural network (ANN) as a local model. The framework has a server device and four client devices that have their own data set on their end. The server distributes the primary model constructed using an ANN among the local clients. Next, the local clients train their individual part of the data set, deploying the distributed model from the server, and they share their feedback with the central end. The central end then incorporates an aggregator model named FedAvg to assemble the separate results from the clients into one output. At last, the contribution of the ten most significant features is evaluated by incorporating SHAP. The entire research work was executed on CICIoT2023. The data set was partitioned into four parts and distributed among the four local ends. The proposed method demonstrated efficacy in intrusion detection, achieving 88.4% training and 88.2% testing accuracy. Furthermore, UDP has been found to be the most significant feature of the network layer from the SHAP analysis. Simultaneously, the incorporation of federated learning has ensured the safeguarding of the confidentiality of the network information of the individual ends. This enhances transparency and ensures that the model is both reliable and interpretable. Federated XAI IDS effectively addresses privacy concerns and feature interpretability issues in modern IDS frameworks, contributing to the advancement of secure, interpretable, and decentralized intrusion detection systems. Our findings accelerate the development of cyber security solutions that leverage federated learning and explainable AI (XAI), paving the way for future research and practical implementations in real-world network security environments.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are crucial module of cybersecurity which is designed to identify unauthorized activities in network environments. Traditional IDS, on the other hand, have a number of problems, such as high rates of inaccurate positives and inaccurate negatives and a lack of explainability that makes it difficult to provide adequate protection. Furthermore, centralized IDS approaches have issues with interpretability and data protection, especially when dealing with sensitive data. In order to overcome these drawbacks, we provide Federated XAI IDS, a brand-new explainable and privacy-preserving IDS that improves security and interpretability by fusing Federated Learning (FL) with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP). Our approach enables IDS models to be collaboratively trained across multiple decentralized devices while ensuring that local data remains securely on edge nodes, thus mitigating privacy risks. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based IDS is distributed across four clients in a federated setup using the CICIoT2023 dataset, with model aggregation performed via FedAvg. The proposed method demonstrated efficacy in intrusion detection, achieving 88.4% training and 88.2% testing accuracy. Furthermore, SHAP was utilized to analyze feature importance, providing a deeper comprehension of the critical attributes influencing model predictions. Transparency is improved and the model becomes more dependable and interpretable thanks to the feature importance ranking that SHAP produces. Our findings demonstrate how well Federated XAI IDS handles the two problems of explainability and privacy in intrusion detection. This dissertation accelerates the major establishment in the creation of safe, interpretable, and decentralized intrusion detection systems (IDS) for contemporary cybersecurity applications by utilizing federated learning and explainable AI (XAI).

Although there has been a noticeable ascent in the deployment of telemedicine services, yet their uptake and utilization in healthcare settings have been sluggish, mostly in developing countries. Leveraging machine learning (ML) to precisely predict the adopting factors could significantly contribute to effectively utilizing telemedicine in healthcare. Thus, the study aimed to have a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing behavioral intention towards adopting telemedicine applications in healthcare by integrating the well-established Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), Task Technology Fit (TTF) models with an additional factor, e-health literacy. Furthermore, the study leveraged the power of ML algorithms to construct a robust model that predicts behavioral intention toward telemedicine adoption. To achieve these objectives, the study collects data from 373 Bangladeshi telemedicine users, and seven widespread supervised machine learning algorithms, including BayesNet classifier, Naive Bayes classifier, Logistic-Regression classifier, Multilayer Perceptron classifier, Classification via Regression, Rule-learner (PART), and decision-tree classifier (J48) were employed to construct the predictive model. A confusion matrix has been calculated for each classification model. Performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, have been computed. The findings indicated that with an accuracy of 74.3% the BayesNet classifier outperformed with other classifiers in predicting the users' intent to adopt telemedicine. The results of this study have the potential to provide a framework for government agencies, and others engaged in telemedicine service implementation and deployment, thereby increasing the uptake and utilization of telemedicine in healthcare endeavors across the globe.

In Bangladesh, crop leaf diseases create a serious risk to food security and production from agriculture. Timely identification of leaf diseases in rice, wheat, and bean crops is considered crucial for the implementation of effective disease detection and classification strategies. To address this challenge, a MobilenetV2-based disease identification and classification system is proposed in this research. Previous studies focus on classifying diseases of a single species, leaving the need to train models separately for each species. This research focuses on forming a single standard model to perform leaf disease classification for multiple crop species including rice, wheat, and beans. The approach makes use of transfer learning with the MobilenetV2 model, which is fine-tuned using a dataset of annotated crop leaf images specific to Bangladesh. Following a comprehensive evaluation, an overall accuracy of 97.87% was achieved in the classification of crop leaf diseases, which surpasses the accuracy of a number of previous studies focusing on leaf disease detection of a single crop. The system demonstrates the capability to rapidly diagnose diseases in real time by enabling the users to prompt intervention to mitigate potential crop losses, ultimately leading to amplified crop yield and food security. Overall, the research highlights the promise of AI-powered solutions in tackling crop leaf disease detection, which in turn encourages greater research and technology adoption to support sustainable farming methods especially in the crop disease classification domain in Bangladesh and throughout the world. Received: 24 May 2025 | Revised: 9 March 2026 | Accepted: 14 April 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Bangladeshi Crops Disease Dataset at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/nafishamoin/bangladeshi-crops-disease-dataset and the Bean Disease Dataset at https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/therealoise/bean-disease-dataset. Author Contribution Statement Md. Mahmudul Hasan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Visualization, Supervision. Md. Omar Faruq: Software, Validation, Writing – original draft. Mahadi Hasan Musa: Formal analysis, Investigation. Mohammad Mamunur Rashid: Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Khandaker Mohammad Mohi Uddin: Writing – review & editing, Project administration, Supervision.