Cement-based batteries (CBBs) are an emerging category of multifunctional materials that combine structural load-bearing capacity with integrated electrochemical energy storage, enabling the development of self-powered infrastructure. Although previous reviews have explored selected aspects of CBB technology, a comprehensive synthesis encompassing system architectures, material strategies, and performance metrics remains insufficient. In this review, CBB systems are categorized into two representative configurations: probe-type galvanic cells and layered monolithic structures. Their structural characteristics and electrochemical behaviors are critically compared. Strategies to enhance performance include improving ionic conductivity through alkaline pore solutions, facilitating electron transport using carbon-based conductive networks, and incorporating redox-active materials such as zinc–manganese dioxide and nickel–iron couples. Early CBB prototypes demonstrated limited energy densities due to high internal resistance and inefficient utilization of active components. Recent advancements in electrode architecture, including nickel-coated carbon fiber meshes and three-dimensional nickel foam scaffolds, have achieved stable rechargeability across multiple cycles with energy densities surpassing 11 Wh/m². These findings demonstrate the practical potential of CBBs for both energy storage and additional functionalities, such as strain sensing enabled by conductive cement matrices. This review establishes a critical basis for future development of CBBs as multifunctional structural components in infrastructure applications.

The dynamic interaction between shallow cylindrical tunnels with grouting reinforcement zones and saturated poroelastic medium under Rayleigh surface wave excitation is investigated. Employing the wave function expansion method within the framework of Biot theory, the analytical solution is derived in the frequency domain. A comprehensive parametric analysis evaluates the influence of critical parameters—including input frequency, the stiffness and thickness ratios between the tunnel lining and grouting zone, as well as tunnel burial depth—on the dynamic behavior of the composite structure. The spatial distributions of dynamic stress concentration factors and pore pressure concentration factors obtained in this study may offer critical insights for optimizing seismic resilience design in tunnel engineering.