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In the context of efficient and sustainable management of the elements of the urban water cycle as an aim of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the evaluation of indicators such as the water footprint (WF) and the carbon footprint (CF) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) provides a quantification of the environmental impact, both negative and positive, which implies its exploitation. In this study, in addition to WF and CF quantification, a joint evaluation of both indicators was conducted. Consumption is indicated by the blue water footprint (WFBlue) and emissions by CF. Both are related to the operational grey water footprint (∆WFG,mef) in two ratios, WFR and CFR. In this way, the water consumed and gases emitted are measured according to the reduction range of the pollutant load of the discharge. The results for four WWTPs show operational scenarios for better management in accordance with the WFD.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Agustín Matías-Sánchez; Pablo Durán-Barroso. Wastewater Treatment Plant Assessment by Quantifying the Carbon and Water Footprint. Water 2020, 12, 3204 .
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Agustín Matías-Sánchez, Pablo Durán-Barroso. Wastewater Treatment Plant Assessment by Quantifying the Carbon and Water Footprint. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Agustín Matías-Sánchez; Pablo Durán-Barroso. 2020. "Wastewater Treatment Plant Assessment by Quantifying the Carbon and Water Footprint." Water 12, no. 11: 3204.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) reflect the relationship among social, economic, and environmental aspects of society. Massive online open courses (MOOCs) represent an opportunity to promote lifelong learning (SDG 4), complementing university education or providing knowledge to society free and openly. The objective of this work is to analyze experiences in one MOOC about wastewater treatment applied to higher education in civil engineering (SDG 6). The proposed educational methodology and the achieved participation results are studied. The MOOC had three editions and was hosted on the Miríadax platform. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, initial motivation, and satisfaction level were collected from questionnaires. The results highlighted the importance of design decisions to obtain a high completion rate: defining a target audience, without prejudice to the course’s open character, where the prior knowledge of students is crucial. The teaching methodology is based on autonomous and progressive learning, with short and direct master classes, social support, with the motivation of students to continue their training with opening complementary topics in the forums, following up on their doubts, and their combination with social networks.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso. Learning Design Decisions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) Applied to Higher Education in Civil-Engineering Topics. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8430 .
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Pablo Durán-Barroso. Learning Design Decisions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) Applied to Higher Education in Civil-Engineering Topics. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso. 2020. "Learning Design Decisions in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) Applied to Higher Education in Civil-Engineering Topics." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8430.
The analysis of social awareness about water consumption represents an essential tool for water efficiency and decision-making procedures in line with the challenges that emerged by water scarcity. The present study focuses on evaluating the perception of sustainable water consumption (SWC), considering the direct and indirect water consumption through the Water Footprint (WF) indicator and the information about the nexus between urban services and water uses. Based on the norm activation model (NAM) proposed by Schwartz (1977), this research evaluates the perception of the water footprint of different aspects of water consumption and the dependence of this perception on individual water consumption, direct or indirect, and municipal services. The methodology applied to analyse the structural model was the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The sample is composed of consumers in the Extremadura region, Spain. The results of the survey show that SWC is influenced by Water Consumption Services (WCS), Indirect domestic Water Consumption (IWC), and Direct domestic Water Consumption (DWC). The model was tested at a confidence level higher than 99.9% with a moderated explanatory capacity (R2 = 55.7%). Besides, the model indicates the benefit of using WF as an activating tool for decision making highlighted in the NAM considered, in other words, the knowledge about WF influences positively in responsible behaviour with water consumption.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; Rafael Robina-Ramírez. Analysis of consumer awareness of sustainable water consumption by the water footprint concept. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 721, 137743 .
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Pablo Durán-Barroso, Rafael Robina-Ramírez. Analysis of consumer awareness of sustainable water consumption by the water footprint concept. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 721 ():137743.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; Rafael Robina-Ramírez. 2020. "Analysis of consumer awareness of sustainable water consumption by the water footprint concept." Science of The Total Environment 721, no. : 137743.
From ecological and economic perspectives, current demands on freshwater management require the assessment of human water resource activities and urban water cycle impacts. The need to measure and control the quality of water returned to the environment is critical to evaluations of the efficiencies and sustainable management of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This paper proposes a management assessment framework based on blue and grey water footprint (WF) to study the treatment and disposal of wastewater in WWTPs and the efficiencies achieved when purifying water resources. The proposed methodology illustrates the beneficial role of WF for optimizing WWTPs. The value of WF is reduced under current operations with respect to the no-treatment scenario. The new indicator “operational grey water footprint” is proposed to assess the improvement of the effluent quality, which is achieved thanks to the WWTP, regarding to the standards imposed by the regulations. This new indicator allows both stakeholder and authorities to estimate which are the quality margins in the WWTP operational activity. After applying this new procedure and indicators to two WWTPs employing activate sludge as a secondary treatment and with similar population equivalents (PE), the plants’ efficiencies are highlighted.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; A. Matías Sánchez. Management effectiveness assessment in wastewater treatment plants through a new water footprint indicator. Journal of Cleaner Production 2018, 198, 463 -471.
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Pablo Durán-Barroso, A. Matías Sánchez. Management effectiveness assessment in wastewater treatment plants through a new water footprint indicator. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018; 198 ():463-471.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; A. Matías Sánchez. 2018. "Management effectiveness assessment in wastewater treatment plants through a new water footprint indicator." Journal of Cleaner Production 198, no. : 463-471.
Energy recovery in water supply systems (WSS) is environmentally friendly, since it is a renewable energy based on exploiting the excess pressure existing in water pipes for obtaining electricity. This paper presents the methodology development for the identification of the hydropower potential in WSS and the possible installations by means of a Matlab rutine. The results showed the interactions among the design flow and maximum head have provided the possible scenarios with electric potential and the selection of possible turbines. The methodology proposed allows determining the suitability of electricity production in the urban water cycle by MHPs, in order to avoid the need for the installation of dissipation devices for this energy.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Juana Arias-Trujillo; Pablo Durán-Barroso; José M. Ceballos-Martínez; Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero; Carlos Urueña-Fernández; Miguel Candel-Pérez. Hydropower Potential Assessment in Water Supply Systems. Proceedings 2018, 2, 1299 .
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Juana Arias-Trujillo, Pablo Durán-Barroso, José M. Ceballos-Martínez, Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero, Carlos Urueña-Fernández, Miguel Candel-Pérez. Hydropower Potential Assessment in Water Supply Systems. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (20):1299.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Juana Arias-Trujillo; Pablo Durán-Barroso; José M. Ceballos-Martínez; Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero; Carlos Urueña-Fernández; Miguel Candel-Pérez. 2018. "Hydropower Potential Assessment in Water Supply Systems." Proceedings 2, no. 20: 1299.
Small-scale hydropower plants (SHP), and in particular the micro-hydropower plants (MHP) and pico-hydropower plants (PHP), are considering as an alternative energy resource based on the hydroelectric potential available in urban water cycle because of the excess of pressure existing in some urban water supply systems (WSS). Nowadays, pressure-reducing valves are necessary to reduce water pressure in WSS, so the use of a pump as turbine (PAT) can be considered as a proper way for reaching both an enough water head reduction and a hydropower generation possibility (self-consumption or energy recovery). MHPs are based on existing hydraulic resources where the PAT location is necessary, especially in those points with an excess of energy, which derives in an extra cost in terms of conservation and maintenance of the infrastructure or lead to the necessary installation of dissipation devices. The locations of these points are strongly influenced by the geographical and hydrological conditions, so a Geographic Information System (GIS) is a very useful tool for implementation of SHP and MHP or PHP projects. This paper describes the assessment and comparison of the methodology followed in the SHP and MHP locations: necessary data, GIS development, hydrologic model and hydropower potential.
Eva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; Juana Arias-Trujillo; Jose M. Ceballos-Martínez; Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero; Miguel Candel-Pérez. Small and Micro-Hydropower Plants Location by Using Geographic Information System. Proceedings 2018, 2, 1300 .
AMA StyleEva Gómez-Llanos, Pablo Durán-Barroso, Juana Arias-Trujillo, Jose M. Ceballos-Martínez, Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero, Miguel Candel-Pérez. Small and Micro-Hydropower Plants Location by Using Geographic Information System. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (20):1300.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEva Gómez-Llanos; Pablo Durán-Barroso; Juana Arias-Trujillo; Jose M. Ceballos-Martínez; Jesús A. Torrecilla-Pinero; Miguel Candel-Pérez. 2018. "Small and Micro-Hydropower Plants Location by Using Geographic Information System." Proceedings 2, no. 20: 1300.