Volcanic crises, driven by renewed magma inflow and migration, result in surface deformation and seismicity that can provide unique insights into the structure of volcanic systems and magmatic processes. Although the highly explosive volcanoes of Santorini and Kolumbo ^1,2 in the Greek Aegean Sea are just 7 km apart, their potentially coupled deep magmatic feeding systems are only poorly understood ^3,4 . The 2025 volcano–tectonic crisis of Santorini simultaneously affected both volcanic centres, providing insights into a complex, multistorage feeder system. Here we integrate onshore and marine seismological data with geodetic measurements to reconstruct magma migration before and during the crisis. Gradual inflation in the Santorini caldera, beginning in mid-2024, preceded the January 2025 intrusion of a magma-filled dike sourced from a mid-crustal reservoir beneath Kolumbo, indicating a link between the two volcanoes. Joint inversion of ground and satellite-based deformation data indicates that approximately 0.31 km ³ of magma intruded as an approximately 13-km-long dike, reactivating principal regional faults and arresting 3–5 km below the seafloor. The 2024–2025 resurgence of magmatic activity beneath both volcanic centres and their apparent coupling provides insights into the dynamic interplay of magma storage, transport and reservoir failure beneath neighbouring volcanoes.

The sustainable management of heritage tourism sites requires an integrated approach that balances cultural preservation with socio-economic development. Modern methods of documentation include laser scanning, LiDAR sensors, and aerial photogrammetry. This study explores the application of advanced geospatial and digital technologies to the archaeological park of Dion, located in the Olympus region of Pieria, Greece—a site characterized by monuments from various historical periods. Using high-precision methods and high-end software, we produced detailed 3D models and developed a comprehensive digital platform incorporating Web-GIS applications. These outputs extend beyond conventional documentation, offering tools for education, community engagement, and participatory decision making. The originality of this work lies in its interdisciplinary synthesis of digital heritage technologies and land-use planning, contributing to both academic discourse and practical strategies for sustainable tourism development. The platform not only safeguards cultural assets but also promotes inclusive innovation, job creation, and long-term planning models aligned with the sustainable development goals (SDGs). This case study contributes not only to the safeguarding of cultural heritage for future generations but also to reshaping tourism models that prioritize long-term sustainability over rapid economic gain.

We analyze and discuss surface deformation patterns related to the Santorini Caldera unrest, spanning from summer 2024 to January 2025. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometry was performed exploiting the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique. We used both satellite geometries of the Sentinel-1 mission, producing line-of-sight (LOS) deformation maps and displacement decomposition in vertical and horizontal components. The observed displacements were combined with measurements from four GNSS stations across Santorini island. The results highlight horizontal movements and uplift up to 70 mm/yr with a radial inflation pattern centered around the Kameni islands, reminiscent of the 2011-2012 inflation episode. The geophysical model for the 2024-2025 period suggests a positive volume rate change at 2.9 km depth. Compared to the 2011-2012 unrest, the volume rate change is smaller; potentially a mix of magma and gas may be causing pressure along Kameni’s volcano-tectonic line, this time with a shallower source than the previous unrest.

Intense seismicity started on 27 January 2025 in the Aegean sea about 10 km NE of Santorini and lasted for over a month. This event was preceded by a period of elevated seismicity within the Santorini caldera since September 2024. Continuous GNSS stations on Santorini and neighboring islands as well as Sentinel-1 InSAR acquisitions over Santorini recorded significant deformation during this time period. Ocean-bottom pressure sensors also recorded subsidence after 27 January.Here, we focus on the inversion of the geodetic data to infer the potential sources behind the deformation. We find a source of inflation at 3.8 km depth within the Santorini caldera between July 2024 and January 2025. Its location matches the location of the source behind the previous unrest in 2011-2012. Between 27 January and end of February, the deformation pattern is found to be consistent with a deflating source at 7.6 km depth below Kolumbo volcano and 13-km long opening dislocation between Kolumbo and Anhydros. Using these results, we were also able to divide this latter episode into smaller time intervals to study the propagation of the opening dislocation upward and to the NE. These results, in combination with the seismicity, lead to the conclusion that there is a coupling between the Santorini and Kolumbo volcanoes and that a dike was intruded in the crust on 27 January, coming from a low velocity anomaly body at 18 km depth.This study shows that even in difficult settings (deformation occurring underwater with sparse islands around), remote sensing and earth observations can provide essential information to explain an on-going unrest crisis. It is therefore critical to ensure that such data collection is secured onward to help with the understanding of future volcanic and tectonic crisis.