The rapid expansion of metro systems has exacerbated lighting-related issues, including uneven illuminance, glare, and blind spots. These issues compromise passenger visual comfort and perceived safety. Previous research has predominantly focused on individual lighting parameters, paying little attention to the combined effects of multiple factors. Perceived safety is a core objective in metro space design and is particularly susceptible to adverse visual environments. This study uses field measurements, virtual environment simulations, and eye tracking experiments to investigate the influence of lighting conditions and interface design (ceiling height and material) on visual comfort and perceived safety. The findings indicate that light-coloured, low-reflectance materials enhance visual guidance, whereas dark, high-reflectance surfaces induce frequent gaze shifts and diminish perceived safety. The optimal environmental benchmark parameters were illuminance levels of 140–270 lux and a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4428–6250 K. This study also discusses optimizing interface design parameters in different spatial contexts. It also revealed systematic correlations between lighting parameters and spatial geometry, particularly regarding ceiling height. Elevated spaces require increased illuminance and color temperature to compensate for light attenuation, while areas with low ceilings necessitate reduced lighting intensity and warmer color temperatures to mitigate oppressive sensations. This evidence provides a human-centered theoretical foundation for lighting design in underground transport spaces.

As temperatures rise, the efficiency of concentrating photovoltaic modules decreases significantly. This study investigated optimal mechanical and natural ventilation strategies for integrated concentrating building skins to minimise component temperatures, thereby enhancing electrical performance and improving indoor thermal conditions. Using ANSYS-CFX simulations, the thermal behaviour of the concentrator module under various ventilation methods was analysed. Results indicated that active ventilation significantly lowers photovoltaic cells temperatures. Under 5 m/s wind speed, the concentrating cells’ temperature under different ventilation forms was decreased by up to 35.12°C. When wind speed was below 3 m/s, the temperature of each component in the concentrating module was decreased rapidly with increasing wind speed, regardless of the ventilation method. However, beyond 3 m/s, the rate of temperature reduction declined gradually. For example, with bottom inlet ventilation, the average temperature of the concentrating cell was decreased by 30.09°C under 3 m/s wind speed. However, when the wind speed was increased from 3 m/s to 5 m/s, the average temperature was decreased by only 2.20°C. Comparing different ventilation forms, mechanical ventilation with bottom inlet airflow achieved better heat dissipation than top or side inlets, while natural ventilation in the external open type outperformed the fully open type.