BACKGROUND: The role of intestinal microflora translocation in the development of obstructive pyelonephritis has not been sufficiently studied. The urgency to develop a new model of acute obstructive pyelonephritis is due to the search for characteristics that are able to meet the criteria for reproducibility of microbial translocation from the intestine, the reversibility of the stages of the inflammatory process with further observation in the dynamics of development. AIM: The aim of the given research is to develop a model of acute obstructive pyelonephritis to study the pathogenetic role of bacterial translocation of Escherichia coli (hereinafter E. coli) from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). METHODS: Twenty outbred male rabbits aged 3 months and weighing 3.0 ± 0.5 kg were used for the research. All the animals were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental (n = 10) and control (n = 10). In the experimental group, obstructive pyelonephritis was modeled by ligating the external opening of the urethra and injecting an antibiotic-resistant E. coli strain into the GIT using enteric capsules. In the control group, the strain was administered in the same way, but without forming a model of obstructive pyelonephritis. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment on the 3rd day by air embolism under general anesthesia. In both groups, the sizes of the kidney, pelvis, ureter, and the number of leukocytes in urine were assessed. RESULTS: In the experimental group, there was an increase in the size of the kidney, pelvis, as well as ureter with some pronounced leukocyturia observed, which indicates the development of obstructive pyelonephritis. In the control group, only one animal had leukocyturia. The statistically significant differences were revealed between the groups in all studied parameters. CONCLUSION: The results of this research demonstrated that the proposed model provided an opportunity to study the role of intestinal translocation of microorganisms in the development of acute obstructive pyelonephritis.

Studying and improving the theory of errors of doctors has always been important, and today it has become especially relevant.The article lists the main provisions of the advanced version of the theory of errors of doctors. The main content of the articleis devoted to four important aspects of the problem of physician errors. The article states the main contradiction of the problemof errors in medicine. The structure of general objective and subjective causes of medical errors is shown. The main optionsfor doctors to experience errors that complicate doctors’ mutual understanding in this problem are formulated. For the fi rsttime, the reasons for the denial of errors by doctors are summarized. These aspects and conclusions on them are the result ofan analysis of publications on the problem of errors in medicine, repeated discussions of the problem on professional medicalsites. The content of these aspects was based on its own material on error analysis and observation from practice. The aboveaspects and their conclusions need not so much to be confi rmed by special studies, but rather to refl ect on their role and placein the problem of errors. The general objective and subjective reasons for the occurrence of medical errors are shown inconnection with their possible "guilt". Lack of experience is presented as the most common cause of medical errors. Variousoption for doctors to experience errors are presented as a reason that makes it diffi cult for doctors to understand this problem.

The development of clinical thinking and the improvement of medical care largely depend on doctors and society’s attitude to medical errors. A balanced, rational perspective to medical errors is critical with an understanding of the main aspects of medication errors. The paper presents two important aspects of the problem of medical errors - their probability and, in a sense, their routine, as well as the role of collective relationships in shaping an objective attitude of doctors to errors. The article argues that the correct action of a doctor does not mean that they are unmistakable. The factors that determine the complexity of medicine are listed. The actual and ambiguous effectiveness of the medicine is considered. It is argued that the development of evidence-based medicine is evidence of the relativity of knowledge in medicine. The basic variants of the relationship of doctors in the collective are given. The role of collegiality in improving the professional experience and quality of medical care is specified. It has been shown that the absence of objective criteria of guilt or innocence of a doctor in error exacerbates the problem of errors. It emphasizes the flaw of equating all errors with misconduct and the unilateralism of such an approach in preventing mistakes. A vicious circle is presented, where the traditionally negative attitude towards doctors who made a mistake ultimately leads to concealment of errors, a decrease in the number and quality of error analysis, stagnation in the development of clinical thinking, an increase in the number of errors and, accordingly, the legal tightening of demand for medical errors.

Background: The main aim was to analyze dynamic changes in the level of soluble CD14 subtype (sCD14-ST) in blood serum and assess it as a possible risk factor for the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, infectious and inflammatory complications, organ dysfunction, and mortality in operated colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Materials and methods: For the period 2020–2021, 90 operated CRC patients were examined. Patients were divided into two groups: 1 – 50 patients operated on for CRC without acute bowel obstruction (ABO); 2 – 40 patients operated on for tumor ABO caused by CRC. To determine sCD14-ST by the ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method, venous blood was taken 1 h before surgery and 72 h after it (third day). Results: sCD14-ST levels were higher in CRC patients with ABO, organ dysfunction, and dead patients. If the sCD14-ST level on the third day after surgery is greater than 520 pg/ml, the risk of a fatal outcome is 12.3 times higher than at its lower level [odds ratio (OR): 12.3, 95% CI: 2.34–64.20]. With the increase in the sCD14-ST level on the third day after surgery from baseline or its decrease by no more than 8.8 pg/ml, the risk of organ dysfunctions is 6.5 times higher than with its greater decline (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.66–25.83). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that in CRC patients, sCD14-ST can be used as a predictive criterion for the development of organ dysfunction and death. Significantly worse results and prognosis were observed in the patients with higher levels of sCD14-ST on the third day after surgery.

AIM: The aim of the study is to create an easily reproducible experimental model of pancreonecrosis with the least aggressive technique of the operation. METHODS: Twenty-two outbred rabbits of comparable weight and age were included in the study. The animals were removed from the experiment 12, 24, and 48 h after the injection of auto-bile into the parenchyma of the pancreas. RESULTS: After completion of the experiment, rabbit pancreas was extracted, macroscopic and microscopic description was given. CONCLUSION: According to the results of the study, the proposed model is considered as consistent for reproducing pancreonecrosis in an experiment with less aggressive surgical technique.

Relevance: This literature review examines scientific publications on the efficacy of optical spectroscopy methods, including Raman spectroscopy (RS), for the early diagnosis of tumors in oncology. The study aimed to summarize the existing data, analyze their effectiveness in studying cancer located in different organs through Raman spectroscopy, and assess their diagnostic potential in oncology. Methods: The literature search covered publications from 2015 to May 2025 using keyword-based database queries. After removing duplicates, articles were screened via abstracts and full texts. The research team reviewed all selected papers. All authors agreed upon a final list of 22 articles, with relevant data synthesized into this review. ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 146 Онкология и Радиология Казахстана, №2 (76) 2025 Results: Optical spectroscopy (OS) has proven to be an effective tool for diagnosing, monitoring, and predicting malignant tumors in experimental and clinical studies. Over the past 20 years, RS has demonstrated 90% accuracy and specificity in early cancer detection and advantages in bioavailability, speed, clarity, and multiplex analysis-key factors driving its growing interest in biological research. However, foreign and domestic literature analysis revealed a lack of standardized protocols for RS in cancer diagnostics, highlighting the need for optimized, systematic guidelines. While promising, RS remains underexplored and requires further research to translate findings into routine clinical practice. Conclusion: Recent advancements in optical spectroscopy, particularly Raman methods, contribute to deeper cellular-level insights into oncological mechanisms and improve predictive diagnostics.