Transformer-less (TL) inverter topologies have elicited further special treatment in photo-voltaic (PV) power system as they provide high efficiency and low cost. Neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel-inverter (MLI) topologies-based transformer-less are being immensely used in grid-connected medium-voltage high-power claims. Unfortunately, these topologies such as NPC-MLI, full-bridge inverter with DC bypass (FB-DCBP) suffer from the shoot-through problem on the bridge legs, which affect the reliability of the implementation. Based on the previous above credits, a T type neutral point clamped (TNP)—MLI (TNP-MLI) with transformer-less topology called TL-TNP-MLI is presented to be an alternate which can be suitable in the grid-connected PV power generation systems. The suggested TL-TNP-MLI topologies free from inverter bridge legs shoot-through burden, switching frequency common-mode current (CMC), and leakage current. The control system of the grid interface with hysteresis current control (HCC) strategy is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed PV connected transformer-less TNP-MLI topology with different grid and PV scenario has been verified through the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model and field-programmable gate area (FPGA)-based experimental results for a 1.5 kW system.

This manuscript presents the design of a microgrid featuring solar and wind as uncontrollable energy sources, alongside controllable sources like batteries and a diesel generator, aiming to address power supply variations resulting from load fluctuations. Controllers are imperative to mitigate these challenges, and the manuscript emphasizes the need for precise tuning of gain values for optimal electrical energy utilization. In lieu of the trial-and-error approach, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed for enhanced steady-state response in the Microgrid. The study also introduces the application of proportional-integral (PI), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and PID with feed forward (PIDF) controllers to effectively address and resolve identified issues ensuring improved system performance and consistent power supply stability in the microgrid system.

The pressing and critical nature of the challenges presented by climate change underscores the need to understand key drivers of transition to clean energy, as well as track progress in greenhouse gas emissions reductions towards environmental sustainability. This research explores the link among efficient management of resources, energy shift, cost incurred on technological innovation, economic prosperity, environmental destruction in SAARC Countries over a period from 1991 to 2024. By conducting the rigorous econometric analysis of cointegration, GMM and MM-QR, we show that economic development, environmental innovation, renewable energy and environmental compliance promote the process of energy transition. However, reliance on fossil fuels and environmental degradation are hurdles in the path of this process. Our results suggest that alternative energy development should be one of the priority proposals in the industrial countries. They also should provide financial incentives for renewable and environmental technology to gradually substitute for fossil fuels in a systematic way. Moreover, this study provides a detailed analysis and discussion of the policy instruments. Graphical abstract The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Because of the increasing demand for non-conventional energy sources, photovoltaic system integration into the electrical grid is becoming more crucial. It is advised to employ a double-stage grid-connected PV system. This can be employed with the main parts boost converter, which helps to boost the DC output from the PV channels. And next one is the space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) inverter which can provide better harmonic performance and higher efficiency compared to traditional PWM methods. The SVPWM technique is employed to modulate the inverter output, generating a sinusoidal AC waveform that matches the grid frequency and voltage. By adjusting the pulse width to achieve effective and trustworthy grid integration. To maximize power extraction takes place by using maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The SVPWM inverter is crucial in converting DC power to AC power and enabling grid connection. Utilizing SVPWM allows exact control of voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase angle to provide high-quality sinusoidal AC output voltage. The power quality of the electricity pumped into the grid is improved by this precise management, which also ensures adherence to grid standards and reduces harmonic interference.