The construction industry faces persistent challenges, including labor shortages and safety hazards, while traditional construction methods are increasingly strained by the complexity and sustainability demands of modern projects. The integration of robotics shows significant potential for mitigating labor shortages and enhancing safety on construction sites. The current adoption of robotics technologies is driven by both the maturity of robotics technology and the potential for cost reduction compared with manual labor. This review synthesizes recent advancements and trends in construction robotics through a bibliometric analysis of 212 publications indexed in Web of Science from 2002 to 2024. Key findings indicate a 320% increase in research output from 2015 to 2022, with dominant clusters focusing on autonomous navigation, human–robot collaboration, and sustainability-driven automation. Geographically, China and the United States lead in number of publications, with 67 and 65 articles, respectively; however, cross-border collaborations remain sparse, constituting fewer than 5% of co-authored papers. Keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals evolving priorities, including artificial intelligence (AI)-driven adaptive control, modular prefabrication, and the ethical implications of automation. Despite technological advancements, critical gaps remain in terms of interoperability, workforce retraining, and regulatory frameworks. This study emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary integration, standardized protocols, and policy alignment to bridge the divide between academic innovation and industry adoption, ultimately facilitating the global transition toward Construction 4.0.