This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Prof. Herbert Schmidt
University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology

Basic Info


Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Food Microbiology
0 Shiga toxin
0 bacteriophage
0 Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
0 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Fingerprints

Shiga toxin
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
bacteriophage

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Foods
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Calcium- and protein-rich fermented milk products, such as concentrated yoghurts and fresh cheeses, may contain undesired bitter peptides, which are generated by the proteolytic cleavage of casein. Up to now, it is not clear whether this process is caused by endogenous milk enzymes, such as plasmin and cathepsin D, or whether proteolytic enzymes from applied starter cultures, such as the lactococcal cell-envelope peptidase PrtP, are involved. A sensory analysis of fresh cheese products made from milk concentrates fermented with prtP-negative and -positive Lactococcus lactis strains revealed bitterness in the products fermented with prtP-positive L. lactis strains. Two prtP-positive strains, LTH 7122 and LTH 7123, were selected to investigate the effect of increased calcium concentrations (additional 5 mM and 50 mM CaCl2) at neutral (pH 6.6) and acidic (pH 5.5) pH-values on the transcription of the prtP gene and its corresponding PrtP peptidase activity in milk citrate broth (MCB). For both strains, it was shown that prtP transcription was upregulated only under slightly elevated calcium conditions (5 mM CaCl2) after 5 h of growth. In concordance with these findings, PrtP peptidase activity also increased. When higher concentrations of calcium were used (50 mM), prtP expression of both strains decreased strongly by more than 50%. Moreover, PrtP peptidase activity of strain LTH 7123 decreased by 15%, but enzymatic activity of strain LTH 7122 increased slightly during growth under elevated calcium concentrations (50 mM CaCl2). Fermentations of reconstituted casein medium with 3.4% (w/v) and 8.5% (w/v) protein and different calcium concentrations using strain LTH 7122 revealed no clear relationship between prtP transcription and calcium or protein concentration. However, an increase in PrtP peptidase activity under elevated protein and calcium conditions was observed. The activity increase was accompanied by increased levels of bitter peptides derived from different casein fractions. These findings could be a possible explanation for the bitterness in fermented milk concentrates that was detected by a trained bitter panel.

ACS Style

Benjamin Forler; Gudrun Horstmann; Johannes Schäfer; Christina Michel; Agnes Weiss; Timo Stressler; Lutz Fischer; Jörg Hinrichs; Herbert Schmidt. Effects of Protein, Calcium, and pH on Gene Transcription, Cell-Envelope Peptidase Activity of Lactococcus lactis Strains, and the Formation of Bitter Peptides. Foods 2021, 10, 1588 .

AMA Style

Benjamin Forler, Gudrun Horstmann, Johannes Schäfer, Christina Michel, Agnes Weiss, Timo Stressler, Lutz Fischer, Jörg Hinrichs, Herbert Schmidt. Effects of Protein, Calcium, and pH on Gene Transcription, Cell-Envelope Peptidase Activity of Lactococcus lactis Strains, and the Formation of Bitter Peptides. Foods. 2021; 10 (7):1588.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Benjamin Forler; Gudrun Horstmann; Johannes Schäfer; Christina Michel; Agnes Weiss; Timo Stressler; Lutz Fischer; Jörg Hinrichs; Herbert Schmidt. 2021. "Effects of Protein, Calcium, and pH on Gene Transcription, Cell-Envelope Peptidase Activity of Lactococcus lactis Strains, and the Formation of Bitter Peptides." Foods 10, no. 7: 1588.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

AB5 protein toxins are produced by certain bacterial pathogens and are composed of an enzymatically active A-subunit and a B-subunit pentamer, the latter being responsible for cell receptor recognition, cellular uptake, and transport of the A-subunit into the cytosol of eukaryotic target cells. Two members of the AB5 toxin family were described in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), namely Shiga toxin (Stx) and subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB). The functional paradigm of AB toxins includes the B-subunit being mandatory for the uptake of the toxin into its target cells. Recent studies have shown that this paradigm cannot be maintained for SubAB, since SubA alone was demonstrated to intoxicate human epithelial cells in vitro. In the current study, we raised the hypothesis that this may also be true for the A-subunit of the most clinically relevant Stx-variant, Stx2a. After separate expression and purification, the recombinant Stx2a subunits StxA2a-His and StxB2a-His were applied either alone or in combination in a 1:5 molar ratio to Vero B4, HeLa, and HCT-116 cells. For all cell lines, a cytotoxic effect of StxA2a-His alone was detected. Competition experiments with Stx and SubAB subunits in combination revealed that the intoxication of StxA2a-His was reduced by addition of SubB1-His. This study showed that the enzymatic subunit StxA2a alone was active on different cells and might therefore play a yet unknown role in STEC disease development.

ACS Style

Laura Heinisch; Maike Krause; Astrid Roth; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. Cytotoxic Effects of Recombinant StxA2-His in the Absence of Its Corresponding B-Subunit. Toxins 2021, 13, 307 .

AMA Style

Laura Heinisch, Maike Krause, Astrid Roth, Holger Barth, Herbert Schmidt. Cytotoxic Effects of Recombinant StxA2-His in the Absence of Its Corresponding B-Subunit. Toxins. 2021; 13 (5):307.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Heinisch; Maike Krause; Astrid Roth; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. 2021. "Cytotoxic Effects of Recombinant StxA2-His in the Absence of Its Corresponding B-Subunit." Toxins 13, no. 5: 307.

Review
Published: 29 March 2021 in Pathogens
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Shiga toxins (Stx) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are generally encoded in the genome of lambdoid bacteriophages, which spend the most time of their life cycle integrated as prophages in specific sites of the bacterial chromosome. Upon spontaneous induction or induction by chemical or physical stimuli, the stx genes are co-transcribed together with the late phase genes of the prophages. After being assembled in the cytoplasm, and after host cell lysis, mature bacteriophage particles are released into the environment, together with Stx. As members of the group of lambdoid phages, Stx phages share many genetic features with the archetypical temperate phage Lambda, but are heterogeneous in their DNA sequences due to frequent recombination events. In addition to Stx phages, the genome of pathogenic STEC bacteria may contain numerous prophages, which are either cryptic or functional. These prophages may carry foreign genes, some of them related to virulence, besides those necessary for the phage life cycle. Since the production of one or more Stx is considered the major pathogenicity factor of STEC, we aim to highlight the new insights on the contribution of Stx phages and other STEC phages to pathogenicity.

ACS Style

Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio; Nadja Haarmann; Maike Schwidder; Maite Muniesa; Herbert Schmidt. Bacteriophages of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Their Contribution to Pathogenicity. Pathogens 2021, 10, 404 .

AMA Style

Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio, Nadja Haarmann, Maike Schwidder, Maite Muniesa, Herbert Schmidt. Bacteriophages of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Their Contribution to Pathogenicity. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (4):404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio; Nadja Haarmann; Maike Schwidder; Maite Muniesa; Herbert Schmidt. 2021. "Bacteriophages of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli and Their Contribution to Pathogenicity." Pathogens 10, no. 4: 404.

Review article
Published: 16 January 2020 in International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

During the last decades, the flourishing scientific field of molecular pathogenesis brought groundbreaking knowledge of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and the underlying bacterial virulence factors to cause infectious diseases. However, a major paradigm shift is currently occurring after it became increasingly evident that bacterial-host and host-host cell interactions including immune responses orchestrated by defined virulence factors are not the sole drivers of infectious disease development. Strong evidence has been collected that information and nutrient flow within complex microbial communities, as well as to and from host cells and matrices are equally important for successful infection. This particularly holds true for gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens and the GI microbiota interacting and communicating with each other as well as with the host GI mucus and mucosa. Gut-adapted pathogens appear to have developed powerful and specific strategies to interact with human GI mucus including the microbiota for nutrient acquisition, mucosal adhesion, inter-species communication and traversing the mucus barrier. This review covers the existing evidence on these topics and explores the mutual dynamics of host GI mucus, the mucosal habitat and incoming acute and chronic pathogens during GI infections. A particular focus is placed on the role of carbohydrates in diverse mucosal interaction, communication and competition processes. Novel techniques to analyze and synthesize mucus-derived carbohydrates and to generate mucus mimetics are introduced. Finally, open questions and future objectives for pathogen - host GI mucus research will be discussed.

ACS Style

Christine Josenhans; Johannes Müthing; Lothar Elling; Sina Bartfeld; Herbert Schmidt. How bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract use the mucosal glyco-code to harness mucus and microbiota: New ways to study an ancient bag of tricks. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2020, 310, 151392 .

AMA Style

Christine Josenhans, Johannes Müthing, Lothar Elling, Sina Bartfeld, Herbert Schmidt. How bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract use the mucosal glyco-code to harness mucus and microbiota: New ways to study an ancient bag of tricks. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2020; 310 (2):151392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christine Josenhans; Johannes Müthing; Lothar Elling; Sina Bartfeld; Herbert Schmidt. 2020. "How bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract use the mucosal glyco-code to harness mucus and microbiota: New ways to study an ancient bag of tricks." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 310, no. 2: 151392.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2019 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a member of the AB5 toxin family. In the current study, we analyzed the formation of active homo- and hetero-complexes of SubAB variants in vitro to characterize the mode of assembly of the subunits. Recombinant SubA1-His, SubB1-His, SubA2-2-His, and SubB2-2-His subunits, and His-tag-free SubA2-2 were separately expressed, purified, and biochemically characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and analytical ultracentrifugation (aUC). To confirm their biological activity, cytotoxicity assays were performed with HeLa cells. The formation of AB5 complexes was investigated with aUC and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Binding of SubAB2-2-His to HeLa cells was characterized with flow cytometry (FACS). Cytotoxicity experiments revealed that the analyzed recombinant subtilase subunits were biochemically functional and capable of intoxicating HeLa cells. Inhibition of cytotoxicity by Brefeldin A demonstrated that the cleavage is specific. All His-tagged subunits, as well as the non-tagged SubA2-2 subunit, showed the expected secondary structural compositions and oligomerization. Whereas SubAB1-His complexes could be reconstituted in solution, and revealed a Kd value of 3.9 ± 0.8 μmol/L in the lower micromolar range, only transient interactions were observed for the subunits of SubAB2-2-His in solution, which did not result in any binding constant when analyzed with ITC. Additional studies on the binding characteristics of SubAB2-2-His on HeLa cells revealed that the formation of transient complexes improved binding to the target cells. Conclusively, we hypothesize that SubAB variants exhibit different characteristics in their binding behavior to their target cells.

ACS Style

Maike Krause; Katharina Sessler; Anna Kaziales; Richard Grahl; Sabrina Noettger; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. Variants of Escherichia coli Subtilase Cytotoxin Subunits Show Differences in Complex Formation In Vitro. Toxins 2019, 11, 703 .

AMA Style

Maike Krause, Katharina Sessler, Anna Kaziales, Richard Grahl, Sabrina Noettger, Holger Barth, Herbert Schmidt. Variants of Escherichia coli Subtilase Cytotoxin Subunits Show Differences in Complex Formation In Vitro. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maike Krause; Katharina Sessler; Anna Kaziales; Richard Grahl; Sabrina Noettger; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. 2019. "Variants of Escherichia coli Subtilase Cytotoxin Subunits Show Differences in Complex Formation In Vitro." Toxins 11, no. 12: 703.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are responsible for outbreaks of foodborne diseases, such as hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. The pathogenicity of those strains can be attributed to, among other factors, the production of toxins. Recently, the subtilase cytotoxin was detected in locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-negative STEC, and it was confirmed that it contributes to the cytotoxicity of those STEC strains. Although the mode of action of SubAB1 is under intensive investigation, the regulation of gene expression is currently not known. The global regulatory proteins H-NS and Hfq have impact on many cellular processes and have been described to regulate virulence factors as well. Here, we investigate the role of hns and hfq in expression of subAB 1 as well as stx 2a and cdt-V in an E. coli laboratory strain as well as in wild-type STEC strain TS18/08.

ACS Style

Laura Heinisch; Katharina Zoric; Maike Krause; Herbert Schmidt. Transcription of the Subtilase Cytotoxin Gene subAB 1 in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Is Dependent on hfq and hns. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2019, 85, 1 .

AMA Style

Laura Heinisch, Katharina Zoric, Maike Krause, Herbert Schmidt. Transcription of the Subtilase Cytotoxin Gene subAB 1 in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Is Dependent on hfq and hns. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2019; 85 (20):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Heinisch; Katharina Zoric; Maike Krause; Herbert Schmidt. 2019. "Transcription of the Subtilase Cytotoxin Gene subAB 1 in Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Is Dependent on hfq and hns." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 20: 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Food Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Human disease outbreaks caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli are increasingly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Internalization of enteroaggregative/enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EAEC/EHEC) strains into plant tissues may present a serious threat to public health. In the current study, the ability of the fluorescing Shiga toxin-negative E. coli O104:H4 strain C227/11ϕcu/pKEC2 to adhere to and to internalize into the roots of Lactuca sativa and Valerianella locusta grown in diluvial sand (DS) and alluvial loam (AL) was investigated. In parallel, the soil microbiota was analyzed by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The experiments were performed in a safety level 3 greenhouse to simulate agricultural practice. The adherence of C227/11ϕcu/pKEC2 to the roots of both plant varieties was increased by at least a factor three after incubation in DS compared to AL. Compared to V. locusta, internalization into the roots of L. sativa was increased 12-fold in DS and 108-fold in AL. This demonstrates that the plant variety had an impact on the internalization ability, whereas for a given plant variety the soil type also affected bacterial internalization. In addition, microbiota analysis detected the inoculated strain and showed large differences in the bacterial composition between the soil types.

ACS Style

Kristina Eissenberger; David Drissner; Fiona Walsh; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt. Plant variety and soil type influence Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain C227/11ϕcu adherence to and internalization into the roots of lettuce plants. Food Microbiology 2019, 86, 103316 .

AMA Style

Kristina Eissenberger, David Drissner, Fiona Walsh, Agnes Weiss, Herbert Schmidt. Plant variety and soil type influence Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain C227/11ϕcu adherence to and internalization into the roots of lettuce plants. Food Microbiology. 2019; 86 ():103316.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristina Eissenberger; David Drissner; Fiona Walsh; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt. 2019. "Plant variety and soil type influence Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain C227/11ϕcu adherence to and internalization into the roots of lettuce plants." Food Microbiology 86, no. : 103316.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in BMC Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Several serious vegetable-associated outbreaks of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections have occurred during the last decades. In this context, vegetables have been suggested to function as secondary reservoirs for EHEC strains. Increased knowledge about the interaction of EHEC with plants including gene expression patterns in response to plant-derived compounds is required. In the current study, EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai, EHEC O157:H− strain 3072/96, and the EHEC/enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) hybrid O104:H4 strain C227–11φcu were grown in lamb’s lettuce medium and in M9 minimal medium to study the differential transcriptional response of these strains to plant-derived compounds with RNA-Seq technology. Many genes involved in carbohydrate degradation and peptide utilization were similarly upregulated in all three strains, suggesting that the lamb’s lettuce medium provides sufficient nutrients for proliferation. In particular, the genes galET and rbsAC involved in galactose metabolism and D-ribose catabolism, respectively, were uniformly upregulated in the investigated strains. The most prominent differences in shared genome transcript levels were observed for genes involved in the expression of flagella. Transcripts of all three classes of the flagellar hierarchy were highly abundant in strain C227–11φcu. Strain Sakai expressed only genes encoding the basal flagellar structure. In addition, both strains showed increased motility in presence of lamb’s lettuce extract. Moreover, strain 3072/96 showed increased transcription activity for genes encoding the type III secretion system (T3SS) including effectors, and was identified as a powerful biofilm-producer in M9 minimal medium. The current study provides clear evidence that EHEC and EHEC/EAEC strains are able to adjust their gene expression patterns towards metabolization of plant-derived compounds, demonstrating that they may proliferate well in a plant-associated environment. Moreover, we propose that flagella and other surface structures play a fundamental role in the interaction of EHEC and EHEC/EAEC with plants.

ACS Style

Thorsten Bufe; André Hennig; Jochen Klumpp; Agnes Weiss; Kay Nieselt; Herbert Schmidt. Differential transcriptome analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains reveals differences in response to plant-derived compounds. BMC Microbiology 2019, 19, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Thorsten Bufe, André Hennig, Jochen Klumpp, Agnes Weiss, Kay Nieselt, Herbert Schmidt. Differential transcriptome analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains reveals differences in response to plant-derived compounds. BMC Microbiology. 2019; 19 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thorsten Bufe; André Hennig; Jochen Klumpp; Agnes Weiss; Kay Nieselt; Herbert Schmidt. 2019. "Differential transcriptome analysis of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains reveals differences in response to plant-derived compounds." BMC Microbiology 19, no. 1: 1-15.

Review
Published: 29 August 2019 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The ability to produce enterohemolysin is regarded as a potential virulence factor for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and is frequently associated with severe human diseases such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The responsible toxin, which has also been termed EHEC-hemolysin (EHEC-Hly, syn. Ehx), belongs to the Repeats in Toxin (RTX)-family of pore-forming cytolysins and is characterized by the formation of incomplete turbid lysis zones on blood agar plates containing defibrinated sheep erythrocytes. Besides the expression of Shiga toxins (Stx) and the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), EHEC-Hly is a commonly used marker for the detection of potential pathogenic E. coli strains, although its exact role in pathogenesis is not completely understood. Based on the current knowledge of EHEC-Hly, this review describes the influence of various regulator proteins, explains the different mechanisms leading to damage of target cells, discusses the diagnostic role, and gives an insight of the prevalence and genetic evolution of the toxin.

ACS Style

Maike Schwidder; Laura Heinisch; Herbert Schmidt. Genetics, Toxicity, and Distribution of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hemolysin. Toxins 2019, 11, 502 .

AMA Style

Maike Schwidder, Laura Heinisch, Herbert Schmidt. Genetics, Toxicity, and Distribution of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hemolysin. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maike Schwidder; Laura Heinisch; Herbert Schmidt. 2019. "Genetics, Toxicity, and Distribution of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Hemolysin." Toxins 11, no. 9: 502.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2018 in Food Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Increasing numbers of outbreaks caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. The contamination of the plants may occur directly on the field via irrigation water, surface water, manure or fecal contamination. Suggesting a low infectious dose of 10 to 102 cells, internalization of EHEC into plant tissue presents a serious public health threat. Therefore, the ability of EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai to adhere to and internalize into root tissues of the lamb's lettuce Valerianella locusta was investigated under the environmental conditions of a greenhouse. Moreover, the influence of the two adherence and colonization associated genes hcpA and iha was surveyed regarding their role for attachment and invasion. Upon soil contamination, the number of root-internalized cells of EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai exceeded 102 cfu/g roots. Deletion of one or both of the adherence factor genes did not alter the overall attachment of EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai to the roots, but significantly reduced the numbers of internalized bacteria by a factor of between 10 and 30, indicating their importance for invasion of EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai into plant roots. This study identified intrinsic bacterial factors that play a crucial role during the internalization of EHEC O157:H7 strain Sakai into the roots of Valerianella locusta grown under the growth conditions in a greenhouse.

ACS Style

Kristina Eißenberger; Doris Moench; David Drissner; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt. Adherence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain Sakai influence its uptake into the roots of Valerianella locusta grown in soil. Food Microbiology 2018, 76, 245 -256.

AMA Style

Kristina Eißenberger, Doris Moench, David Drissner, Agnes Weiss, Herbert Schmidt. Adherence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain Sakai influence its uptake into the roots of Valerianella locusta grown in soil. Food Microbiology. 2018; 76 ():245-256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristina Eißenberger; Doris Moench; David Drissner; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt. 2018. "Adherence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain Sakai influence its uptake into the roots of Valerianella locusta grown in soil." Food Microbiology 76, no. : 245-256.

Original paper
Published: 27 October 2018 in Food and Bioprocess Technology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Curly parsley is widely applied as a culinary herb. Due to its growth close to ground level and its curly leaf structure, it is inherently affected by high counts of autochthonous microbiota, which may include pathogens. Washing of leaves prior to freezing is the only step in the processing of deep-frozen parsley enabling the reduction of viable counts. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the washing water additives Nα-lauroyl-l-arginine ethyl ester (LAE) and lactic acid in comparison to chlorine as well as sole cold and warm water washing regarding their reduction of viable counts as well as their effect on the sensory quality of parsley. LAE reduced total viable counts, those of Pseudomonas spp. as well as Enterobacteriaceae by at least 2.0 log cfu/g, while lactic acid was especially effective against Enterobacteriaceae. Chlorophyll a and b and β-carotene were best retained during deep-frozen storage in products washed with LAE, while differences for nitrate contents and lipoxygenase activities between the different treatments were insignificant. Flavor ratings were highest for lactic acid treated parsley after 6 months of frozen storage. Thus, the investigated wash water additives were superior to chlorine in curly parsley processing.

ACS Style

Simone Nübling; Florian Hägele; Ralf M. Schweiggert; Reinhold Carle; Herbert Schmidt; Agnes Weiss. Effect of Different Wash Water Additives and Deep-Frozen Storage on the Quality of Curly Parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum). Food and Bioprocess Technology 2018, 12, 158 -165.

AMA Style

Simone Nübling, Florian Hägele, Ralf M. Schweiggert, Reinhold Carle, Herbert Schmidt, Agnes Weiss. Effect of Different Wash Water Additives and Deep-Frozen Storage on the Quality of Curly Parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum). Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2018; 12 (1):158-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Simone Nübling; Florian Hägele; Ralf M. Schweiggert; Reinhold Carle; Herbert Schmidt; Agnes Weiss. 2018. "Effect of Different Wash Water Additives and Deep-Frozen Storage on the Quality of Curly Parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. crispum)." Food and Bioprocess Technology 12, no. 1: 158-165.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2018 in International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain EDL933 encodes the single chromosomal 9-O-acetylesterase NanS, and several copies of prophage-encoded 9-O-acetylesterases (NanS-p). These enzymes have recently been shown to cleave 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) to yield de-O-acetylated Neu5Ac, the latter of which may serve as a carbon and/or nitrogen source. In the current study, we investigated the NanS- and NanS-p-mediated digestion of synthetic O-acetylated neuraminic acids and bovine submaxillary glands mucin (BSM)-derived O-acetylneuraminic acids by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and nano electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI MS). Initial HPTLC analyses showed the expected activity of NanS and NanS-p variants for Neu5,9Ac2. However, all tested enzymes were unable to de-O-acetylate 5-N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,4 Ac2) in our test system. The nanoESI MS analysis of neuraminic acids after treatment of BSM with NanS-p gave evidence that NanS-p variants of EHEC O157:H7 strain EDL933 cleave off O-acetyl groups from mono-, di-, and tri-O-acetylated Neu5Ac and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), regardless of the carbon positions C7, C8 or C9 of the acetate esters. This enzyme activity leads to neuraminidase-accessible Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc on mucin glycans. Moreover, we could demonstrate by HPTLC analyses that recombinant Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron sialidase (BTSA-His) was able to cleave Neu5Ac and Neu5,9Ac2 from BSM and that the combination of BTSA-His with both NanS-His and NanS-p-His derivatives enhanced the release of de-O-acetylated core Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc from mammalian mucin O-glycans. Growth experiments with EHEC wildtype strain EDL933, its nanS and nanS /nanS-p1a-p7 mutant and exogenous BTSA-His in BSM demonstrated that the presence of BTSA-His enhanced growth of EDL933 and the nanS deletion mutant but not the nanS/nanS-p1a-p7 mutant. Thus, we hypothesize that the expression of sialic acid O-acetylesterases with a broad specificity could be an advantage in competition with the gut microbiota for nutrients and facilitate EHEC colonization in the human large intestine.

ACS Style

S. Feuerbaum; N. Saile; G. Pohlentz; J. Müthing; H. Schmidt. De-O-Acetylation of mucin-derived sialic acids by recombinant NanS-p esterases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2018, 308, 1113 -1120.

AMA Style

S. Feuerbaum, N. Saile, G. Pohlentz, J. Müthing, H. Schmidt. De-O-Acetylation of mucin-derived sialic acids by recombinant NanS-p esterases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2018; 308 (8):1113-1120.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Feuerbaum; N. Saile; G. Pohlentz; J. Müthing; H. Schmidt. 2018. "De-O-Acetylation of mucin-derived sialic acids by recombinant NanS-p esterases of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain EDL933." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 308, no. 8: 1113-1120.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2018 in Gut Pathogens
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In the current study, nine foodborne “Locus of Enterocyte Effacement” (LEE)-negative Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains were selected for whole genome sequencing and analysis for yet unknown genetic elements within the already known LEE integration sites selC, pheU and pheV. Foreign DNA ranging in size from 3.4 to 57 kbp was detected and further analyzed. Five STEC strains contained an insertion of foreign DNA adjacent to the selC tRNA gene and five and seven strains contained foreign DNA adjacent to the pheU and pheV tRNA genes, respectively. We characterized the foreign DNA insertion associated with selC (STEC O91:H21 strain 17584/1), pheU (STEC O8:H4 strain RF1a and O55:Hnt strain K30) and pheV (STEC O91:H21 strain 17584/1 and O113:H21 strain TS18/08) as examples. In total, 293 open reading frames partially encoding putative virulence factors such as TonB-dependent receptors, DNA helicases, a hemolysin activator protein precursor, antigen 43, anti-restriction protein KlcA, ShiA, and phosphoethanolamine transferases were detected. A virulence type IV toxin-antitoxin system was detected in three strains. Additionally, the ato system was found in one strain. In strain 17584/1 we were able to define a new genomic island which we designated GIselC17584/1. The island contained integrases and mobile elements in addition to genes for increased fitness and those playing a putative role in pathogenicity. The data presented highlight the important role of the three tRNAs selC, pheU, and pheV for the genomic flexibility of E. coli.

ACS Style

Nadja Saile; Elisabeth Schuh; Torsten Semmler; Inga Eichhorn; Lothar H. Wieler; Andreas Bauwens; Herbert Schmidt. Determination of virulence and fitness genes associated with the pheU, pheV and selC integration sites of LEE-negative food-borne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Gut Pathogens 2018, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Nadja Saile, Elisabeth Schuh, Torsten Semmler, Inga Eichhorn, Lothar H. Wieler, Andreas Bauwens, Herbert Schmidt. Determination of virulence and fitness genes associated with the pheU, pheV and selC integration sites of LEE-negative food-borne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Gut Pathogens. 2018; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadja Saile; Elisabeth Schuh; Torsten Semmler; Inga Eichhorn; Lothar H. Wieler; Andreas Bauwens; Herbert Schmidt. 2018. "Determination of virulence and fitness genes associated with the pheU, pheV and selC integration sites of LEE-negative food-borne Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains." Gut Pathogens 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2018 in International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Bacteriophages play an important role in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. A phage-mediated transfer of stx-genes to atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) which are prevalent in different hosts, would convert them to enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). We decided to confirm this hypothesis experimentally to provide conclusive evidence that aEPEC isolated from different mammalian hosts are indeed progenitors of typical EHEC which gain the ability to produce Shiga-Toxin by lysogeny with stx-converting bacteriophages, utilizing the model phage Φ3538 Δstx2::cat. We applied a modified in vitro plaque-assay, using a high titer of a bacteriophage carrying a deletion in the stx2 gene (Φ3538 Δstx2::cat) to increase the detection of lysogenic conversion events. Three wild-type aEPEC strains were chosen as acceptor strains: the murine aEPEC-strain IMT14505 (sequence type (ST)28, serotype Ont:H6), isolated from a striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in the surrounding of a cattle shed, and the human aEPEC-strain 910#00 (ST28, Ont:H6). The close genomic relationship of both strains implies a high zoonotic potential. A third strain, the bovine aEPEC IMT19981, was of serotype O26:H11 and ST21 (STC29). All three aEPEC were successfully lysogenized with phage Φ3538 Δstx2::cat. Integration of the bacteriophage DNA into the aEPEC host genomes was confirmed by amplification of chloramphenicol transferase (cat) marker gene and by Southern-Blot hybridization. Analysis of the whole genome sequence of each of the three lysogens showed that the bacteriophage was integrated into the known tRNA integration site argW, which is highly variable among E. coli. In conclusion, the successful lysogenic conversion of aEPEC with a stx-phage in vitro underlines the important role of aEPEC as progenitors of EHEC. Given the high prevalence and the wide host range of aEPEC acceptors, their high risk of zoonotic transmission should be recognized in infection control measures.

ACS Style

Inga Eichhorn; Katrin Heidemanns; Rainer G. Ulrich; Herbert Schmidt; Torsten Semmler; Angelika Fruth; Astrid Bethe; David Goulding; Derek Pickard; Helge Karch; Lothar H. Wieler. Lysogenic conversion of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) from human, murine, and bovine origin with bacteriophage Φ3538 Δstx::cat proves their enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) progeny. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2018, 308, 890 -898.

AMA Style

Inga Eichhorn, Katrin Heidemanns, Rainer G. Ulrich, Herbert Schmidt, Torsten Semmler, Angelika Fruth, Astrid Bethe, David Goulding, Derek Pickard, Helge Karch, Lothar H. Wieler. Lysogenic conversion of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) from human, murine, and bovine origin with bacteriophage Φ3538 Δstx::cat proves their enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) progeny. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2018; 308 (7):890-898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Inga Eichhorn; Katrin Heidemanns; Rainer G. Ulrich; Herbert Schmidt; Torsten Semmler; Angelika Fruth; Astrid Bethe; David Goulding; Derek Pickard; Helge Karch; Lothar H. Wieler. 2018. "Lysogenic conversion of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) from human, murine, and bovine origin with bacteriophage Φ3538 Δstx::cat proves their enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) progeny." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 308, no. 7: 890-898.

Review
Published: 14 June 2018 in Toxins
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Studies on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) typically examine and classify the virulence gene profiles based on genomic analyses. Among the screened strains, a subgroup of STEC which lacks the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) has frequently been identified. This raises the question about the level of pathogenicity of such strains. This review focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of the standard screening procedures in virulence profiling and summarizes the current knowledge concerning the function and regulation of toxins encoded by LEE-negative STEC. Although LEE-negative STEC usually come across as food isolates, which rarely cause infections in humans, some serotypes have been implicated in human diseases. In particular, the LEE-negative E. coli O104:H4 German outbreak strain from 2011 and the Australian O113:H21 strain isolated from a HUS patient attracted attention. Moreover, the LEE-negative STEC O113:H21 strain TS18/08 that was isolated from minced meat is remarkable in that it not only encodes multiple toxins, but in fact expresses three different toxins simultaneously. Their characterization contributes to understanding the virulence of the LEE-negative STEC.

ACS Style

Maike Krause; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. Toxins of Locus of Enterocyte Effacement-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Toxins 2018, 10, 241 .

AMA Style

Maike Krause, Holger Barth, Herbert Schmidt. Toxins of Locus of Enterocyte Effacement-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. Toxins. 2018; 10 (6):241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maike Krause; Holger Barth; Herbert Schmidt. 2018. "Toxins of Locus of Enterocyte Effacement-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli." Toxins 10, no. 6: 241.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in International Journal of Medical Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) are serious bacterial pathogens which are able to cause a hemorrhagic colitis or the life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. EHEC strains can carry different numbers of phage-borne nanS-p alleles that are responsible for acetic acid release from mucin from bovine submaxillary gland and 5-N-acetyl-9-O-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2), a carbohydrate present in mucin. Thus, Neu5,9Ac2 can be transformed to 5-N-acetyl neuraminic acid, an energy source used by E. coli strains. We hypothesize that these NanS-p proteins are involved in competitive growth of EHEC in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. The aim of the current study was to demonstrate and characterize the nanS-p alleles of the 2011 E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain LB 226692 and analyze whether the presence of multiple nanS-p alleles in the LB226692 genome causes a competitive growth advantage over a commensal E. coli strain. We detected and characterized five heterogeneous phage-borne nanS-p alleles in the genome of E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain LB226692 by in silico analysis of its genome. Furthermore, successive deletion of all nanS-p alleles, subsequent complementation with recombinant NanS-p13-His, and in vitro co-culturing experiments with the commensal E. coli strain AMC 198 were conducted. We could show that nanS-p genes of E. coli O104:H4 are responsible for growth inhibition of strain AMC 198, when Neu5,9Ac2 was used as sole carbon source in co-culture. The results of this study let us suggest that multiple nanS-p alleles may confer a growth advantage by outcompeting other E. coli strains in Neu5,9Ac2 rich environments, such as mucus in animal and human gut.

ACS Style

Nadja Saile; Lisa Schwarz; Kristina Eißenberger; Jochen Klumpp; Florian W. Fricke; Herbert Schmidt. Growth advantage of Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains on 5- N -acetyl-9- O -acetyl neuraminic acid as a carbon source is dependent on heterogeneous phage-Borne nanS-p esterases. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 2018, 308, 459 -468.

AMA Style

Nadja Saile, Lisa Schwarz, Kristina Eißenberger, Jochen Klumpp, Florian W. Fricke, Herbert Schmidt. Growth advantage of Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains on 5- N -acetyl-9- O -acetyl neuraminic acid as a carbon source is dependent on heterogeneous phage-Borne nanS-p esterases. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2018; 308 (4):459-468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nadja Saile; Lisa Schwarz; Kristina Eißenberger; Jochen Klumpp; Florian W. Fricke; Herbert Schmidt. 2018. "Growth advantage of Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains on 5- N -acetyl-9- O -acetyl neuraminic acid as a carbon source is dependent on heterogeneous phage-Borne nanS-p esterases." International Journal of Medical Microbiology 308, no. 4: 459-468.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2018 in LWT - Food Science and Technology
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Meike Samtlebe; Sylvain Denis; Sandrine Chalancon; Zeynep Atamer; Natalia Wagner; Horst Neve; Charles Franz; Herbert Schmidt; Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot; Jörg Hinrichs. Bacteriophages as modulator for the human gut microbiota: Release from dairy food systems and survival in a dynamic human gastrointestinal model. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2018, 91, 235 -241.

AMA Style

Meike Samtlebe, Sylvain Denis, Sandrine Chalancon, Zeynep Atamer, Natalia Wagner, Horst Neve, Charles Franz, Herbert Schmidt, Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot, Jörg Hinrichs. Bacteriophages as modulator for the human gut microbiota: Release from dairy food systems and survival in a dynamic human gastrointestinal model. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2018; 91 ():235-241.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meike Samtlebe; Sylvain Denis; Sandrine Chalancon; Zeynep Atamer; Natalia Wagner; Horst Neve; Charles Franz; Herbert Schmidt; Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot; Jörg Hinrichs. 2018. "Bacteriophages as modulator for the human gut microbiota: Release from dairy food systems and survival in a dynamic human gastrointestinal model." LWT - Food Science and Technology 91, no. : 235-241.

Conference report
Published: 29 March 2018 in Viruses
Reads 0
Downloads 0

In Germany, phage research and application can be traced back to the beginning of the 20th century. However, with the triumphal march of antibiotics around the world, the significance of bacteriophages faded in most countries, and respective research mainly focused on fundamental questions and niche applications. After a century, we pay tribute to the overuse of antibiotics that led to multidrug resistance and calls for new strategies to combat pathogenic microbes. Against this background, bacteriophages came into the spotlight of researchers and practitioners again resulting in a fast growing “phage community”. In October 2017, part of this community met at the 1st German Phage Symposium to share their knowledge and experiences. The participants discussed open questions and challenges related to phage therapy and the application of phages in general. This report summarizes the presentations given, highlights the main points of the round table discussion and concludes with an outlook for the different aspects of phage application.

ACS Style

Irene Huber; Katerina Potapova; Andreas Kühn; Herbert Schmidt; Jörg Hinrichs; Christine Rohde; Wolfgang Beyer. 1st German Phage Symposium—Conference Report. Viruses 2018, 10, 158 .

AMA Style

Irene Huber, Katerina Potapova, Andreas Kühn, Herbert Schmidt, Jörg Hinrichs, Christine Rohde, Wolfgang Beyer. 1st German Phage Symposium—Conference Report. Viruses. 2018; 10 (4):158.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Huber; Katerina Potapova; Andreas Kühn; Herbert Schmidt; Jörg Hinrichs; Christine Rohde; Wolfgang Beyer. 2018. "1st German Phage Symposium—Conference Report." Viruses 10, no. 4: 158.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2018 in Journal of Food Protection
Reads 0
Downloads 0

The mechanisms of three antimicrobial rosmarinates (methyl-RE1, hexyl-RE6, and dodecyl-RE12) were investigated against Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the morphology of treated cells to gain information on potential changes in the site of action of compounds. The survival data obtained from antimicrobial activity assays were fitted to a nonlinear Weibull model to assess changes in inactivation behavior. Generally, esters became more effective with increasing length of the alkyl chain, resulting in a lower concentration for inhibition and inactivation. Weibull distribution parameters showed a downward concave inactivation pattern for RE1 above a critical concentration, indicative of a delayed log phase of the antimicrobial activity, with few cells being inactivated immediately after treatment and more cells being affected at later times. In contrast, esters having longer alkyl chains (RE6 and RE12) had an upward concave inactivation behavior, with more cells being inactivated immediately after addition of compounds. Cellular morphologies suggest that the antimicrobial mode of action of esters transitions from one that acts intracellularly (RE1) to one that predominately affects bacterial membrane (RE6 and RE12) due to changes in physicochemical properties of esters. Assessment that is based on the parameters of the Weibull model could, thus, be used to evaluate antimicrobial efficiency, in addition to MIC.

ACS Style

Sarisa Suriyarak; Herbert Schmidt; Pierre Villeneuve; Jochen Weiss. Morphological and Dose-Dependent Study on the Effect of Methyl, Hexyl, and Dodecyl Rosmarinate on Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502: Use of the Weibull Model. Journal of Food Protection 2018, 81, 598 -605.

AMA Style

Sarisa Suriyarak, Herbert Schmidt, Pierre Villeneuve, Jochen Weiss. Morphological and Dose-Dependent Study on the Effect of Methyl, Hexyl, and Dodecyl Rosmarinate on Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502: Use of the Weibull Model. Journal of Food Protection. 2018; 81 (4):598-605.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarisa Suriyarak; Herbert Schmidt; Pierre Villeneuve; Jochen Weiss. 2018. "Morphological and Dose-Dependent Study on the Effect of Methyl, Hexyl, and Dodecyl Rosmarinate on Staphylococcus carnosus LTH1502: Use of the Weibull Model." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 4: 598-605.

Evaluation study
Published: 15 June 2017 in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Bacteriophage-based assays and biosensors rival traditional antibody-based immunoassays for detection of low-level Salmonella contaminations. In this study, we harnessed the binding specificity of the long tail fiber (LTF) from bacteriophage S16 as an affinity molecule for the immobilization, enrichment, and detection of Salmonella . We demonstrate that paramagnetic beads (MBs) coated with recombinant gp37-gp38 LTF complexes (LTF-MBs) are highly effective tools for rapid affinity magnetic separation and enrichment of Salmonella . Within 45 min, the LTF-MBs consistently captured over 95% of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium cells from suspensions containing from 10 to 10 5 CFU · ml −1 , and they yielded equivalent recovery rates (93% ± 5%, n = 10) for other Salmonella strains tested. LTF-MBs also captured Salmonella cells from various food sample preenrichments, allowing the detection of initial contaminations of 1 to 10 CFU per 25 g or ml. While plating of bead-captured cells allowed ultrasensitive but time-consuming detection, the integration of LTF-based enrichment into a sandwich assay with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated LTF (HRP-LTF) as a detection probe produced a rapid and easy-to-use Salmonella detection assay. The novel enzyme-linked LTF assay (ELLTA) uses HRP-LTF to label bead-captured Salmonella cells for subsequent identification by HRP-catalyzed conversion of chromogenic 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine substrate. The color development was proportional for Salmonella concentrations between 10 2 and 10 7 CFU · ml −1 as determined by spectrophotometric quantification. The ELLTA assay took 2 h to complete and detected as few as 10 2 CFU · ml −1 S . Typhimurium cells. It positively identified 21 different Salmonella strains, with no cross-reactivity for other bacteria. In conclusion, the phage-based ELLTA represents a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assay that appears to be superior to other currently available tests. IMPORTANCE The incidence of foodborne diseases has increased over the years, resulting in major global public health issues. Conventional methods for pathogen detection can be laborious and expensive, and they require lengthy preenrichment steps. Rapid enrichment-based diagnostic assays, such as immunomagnetic separation, can reduce detection times while also remaining sensitive and specific. A critical component in these tests is implementing affinity molecules that retain the ability to specifically capture target pathogens over a wide range of in situ applications. The protein complex that forms the distal tip of the bacteriophage S16 long tail fiber is shown here to represent a highly sensitive affinity molecule for the specific enrichment and detection of Salmonella . Phage-encoded long tail fibers have huge potential for development as novel affinity molecules for robust and specific diagnostics of a vast spectrum of bacteria.

ACS Style

Jenna M. Denyes; Matthew Dunne; Stanislava Steiner; Maximilian Mittelviefhaus; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt; Jochen Klumpp; Martin J. Loessner. Modified Bacteriophage S16 Long Tail Fiber Proteins for Rapid and Specific Immobilization and Detection of Salmonella Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2017, 83, e00277-17 .

AMA Style

Jenna M. Denyes, Matthew Dunne, Stanislava Steiner, Maximilian Mittelviefhaus, Agnes Weiss, Herbert Schmidt, Jochen Klumpp, Martin J. Loessner. Modified Bacteriophage S16 Long Tail Fiber Proteins for Rapid and Specific Immobilization and Detection of Salmonella Cells. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2017; 83 (12):e00277-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jenna M. Denyes; Matthew Dunne; Stanislava Steiner; Maximilian Mittelviefhaus; Agnes Weiss; Herbert Schmidt; Jochen Klumpp; Martin J. Loessner. 2017. "Modified Bacteriophage S16 Long Tail Fiber Proteins for Rapid and Specific Immobilization and Detection of Salmonella Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 83, no. 12: e00277-17.