Placement of anchor nodes is a main issue in ZigBee technology. Network lifetime and energy consumption are the two critical factors that need to be considered in underground mine localization system (UMLS). According to the complicated environment in coal tunnels, we proposed an optimal strategy based on two-tiered anchor nodes placement for UMLS, which minimizes the average energy consumption of anchor nodes and prolongs the ZigBee wireless networks lifetime (ZWNL). Simulation results show that the optimal anchor nodes placement strategy provide significant benefit over a commonly uniform placement scheme. And the numerical results prove that the two-tiered anchor nodes placement obviously outperform the one-tiered in terms of both network lifetime and average energy consumption.

Background The System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA 2011) assists in health policy analysis and health expenditure comparison at the international level. Based on SHA 2011, this study analysed the distribution of beneficiary groups of curative care expenditure (CCE) in Xinjiang, to present suggestions for developing health policies. Methods A total of 160 health institutions were selected using the multistage stratified random sampling method. An analysis of the agewise CCE distribution, institutional flow, and disease distribution was then performed based on the SHA 2011 accounting framework. Results In 2016, the CCE in Xinjiang was ¥50.05 billion, accounting for 70.18% of current health expenditure and 6.66% of the gross domestic product. The per capita CCE was ¥2366.56. The CCE was distributed differently across age groups, with the highest spending on people over the age of 65 years. The CCE was highest for diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and digestive systems. Most of the expenditure was incurred in hospitals and, to a lesser extent, in primary healthcare institutions. Family health expenditure, especially on children aged 14 years and below, accounted for a relatively high proportion of the CCE. Conclusion SHA 2011 was used to capture data, which was then analysed according to the newly added beneficiary dimension. The findings revealed that the use of medical resources is low, the scale of primary medical institutions needs to be significantly expanded and there is a need to optimise the CCE financing scheme. Therefore, the health policymaking department should optimise the relevant policies and improve the efficiency of health services.

Household air pollution from solid cooking fuel use influences multiple health outcomes, but its association with body pain remains poorly understood. This was a longitudinal study of 8880 adults who participated in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2018. Household cooking fuels were extracted from the baseline household questionnaire. Transitions in cooking fuels from 2011 to 2018 were also identified. Body pain status was reported in the three waves of surveys conducted in 2011, 2015, and 2018. The associations between cooking fuel type, fuel transition, and pain site number were examined using generalized estimating equations. Among the 8880 participants, 41.4% (n = 3680) primarily used clean fuels for cooking, and 58.6% (n = 5200) used solid ones at baseline. Cooking with solid fuels was associated with more pain sites (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08 to 1.21), but a slower rate of pain sites increases from 2011 to 2018 (IRR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.86, for 2018 × solid fuels). Compared with those who persistently used clean fuels for cooking, the number of pain sites increased by 10% in participants who transiting from using solid to clean fuels (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.18), by 21% in those transiting from cooking with clean to solid fuels (IRR = 1.21: 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.35) and by 25% among those persistent using solid fuels for cooking (IRR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.34). Our findings provided new evidence linking using solid fuels for cooking with more pain sites, but a slower rate of pain sites increases. Public health efforts should focus on fuel transition and take measures to help clean fuels spread.

Background: Both distance to the hospital and hospital reputation influence patient choice of hospital; but the combined effect of these factors and how they relate to hospitalization outcomes has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined influence of distance to hospital and hospital reputation on the hospitalization outcomes in patients with stroke. Methods: This retrospective observational study utilized data from 69,107 stroke patients hospitalized in southern Chinese megacity between 2019 and 2021. A generalized linear model was used to assess the association between hospital reputation, distance to the hospital, hospitalization costs, and the length of stay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the combined effect on in-hospital mortality. Results: Compared with patients who chose hospitals without a good reputation and close to home, those who chose hospitals with a good reputation had lower hospitalization costs (−0.05; 95% CI: −0.08 to −0.02), a shorter length of stay (−0.18; 95% CI: −0.20 to −0.16), and lower in-hospital mortality (0.52; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.67). However, patients who chose hospitals with a good reputation but farther distance experienced higher hospitalization costs (0.20; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.23). Conclusions: A shorter distance to the hospital and a higher reputation of the hospital are associated with lower costs and better outcomes. Our study indicates that improving outcomes for patients with stroke requires equitable distribution of quality medical resources.

Background System of Health Accounts 2011 (SHA2011) not only meets the analysis of health policies but also increases the comparability of international health from expenditure. This study analyzes the distribution of beneficiary groups of curative care expenditure (CCE) in Xinjiang based on SHA 2011, and provides references for making health policies. Methods A total of 352 sample health institutions were collected with multistage stratified random sampling method in Xinjiang. According to the accounting framework of the SHA 2011, the CCE distribution, institutional flow and disease distribution of different age groups were analyzed. Results In 2016, the CCE in Xinjiang was 50.05 billion Chinese Yuan (CNY), accounting for 70.18% of current health expenditure (CHE), 6.66% of GDP, and per capita CCE was 2366.56 CNY. People aged over 65 was the consumed major CCE, different diseases treatment costs have a different distribution in the age groups. Three types of diseases with the highest CCE were circulatory, respiratory and digestive system diseases. All of the beneficiary expenditure mainly occurred in hospitals, the proportion of primary health care institutions was relatively small. Family health expenditure accounts for a relatively high proportion, especially children aged 14 years old and below. Conclusion This study used SHA2011 to capture large data and analyzed from the newly added beneficiary dimension. The population had a heavy burden of medical financing, the allocation of medical resources was unreasonable, and the scale of primary medical institutions needs to be reasonably expanded. The financing plan for CCE needs to be optimized to decrease the medical burden of disease.