Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent and lethal forms of cancer worldwide with early detection playing a crucial role in improving the survival rate. Salivary biomarkers have emerged as a promising non-invasive alternative for CRC early detection. A comprehensive search of the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases was performed to identify relevant studies published between 2018 and April 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on studies analyzing salivary biomarkers in adult CRC patients, while pediatric studies, non-diagnostic applications, and studies with insufficient statistical power were excluded. A total of 12 studies were included in this review, identifying various salivary biomarkers associated with CRC. Salivary microbiota, including Fusobacterium nucleatum and other bacterial species, demonstrated potential as diagnostic markers. Metabolomic profiling revealed elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate, reflecting metabolic alterations in CRC. Several microRNAs, such as miR-92a and miR-29a, exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for CRC detection. Additionally, protein-based biomarkers, including chemerin and sHLA-G, were found to be significantly elevated in CRC patients. Salivary biomarkers show great promise as a non-invasive, cost-effective approach for CRC detection and prognosis. Their ability to reflect systemic disease processes makes them a valuable complement to existing screening methods.

Premixed bioceramic sealers represent a recent advancement in endodontic obturation, combining bioactivity, moisture-induced mineralization and favorable handling properties. When used with warm gutta-percha techniques, these calcium silicate-based sealers are exposed to elevated temperatures that may influence their physicochemical behavior and interfacial performance. This review aimed to summarize current evidence on premixed bioceramic sealers used in conjunction with thermoplastic obturation techniques. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2020 and July 2025 evaluating the physicochemical properties, bioactivity, sealing ability, fracture resistance, clinical outcomes and retreatability of premixed bioceramic sealers under warm obturation conditions. No meta-analysis was performed—this review provides a narrative synthesis of the available evidence within this scope. Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. In vitro and ex vivo data indicate that premixed bioceramic sealers generally maintain chemical stability and bioactivity when exposed to clinically relevant heating protocols, with favorable dentinal tubule penetration, interfacial adaptation and the formation of calcium silicate hydrate, and hydroxyapatite at the sealer–dentin interface. These characteristics are associated with improved filling homogeneity, potential reinforcement of root dentin and high rates of periapical healing reported in limited short-term clinical studies. However, the evidence also highlights important challenges, including technique-sensitive retreatability, material remnants after re-instrumentation and concerns regarding overextension, and long-term dimensional stability. Within the limitations of predominantly in vitro and short-term clinical evidence, premixed bioceramic sealers used with warm gutta-percha techniques appear to be promising functional materials that combine mechanical sealing with bioactive and mineralizing potential. Standardized protocols and robust long-term clinical studies are needed to confirm their durability, retreatability and prognostic impact in routine endodontic practice.

The biological compatibility of endodontic sealers is a key determinant of periapical tissue healing. This in vitro study investigated the cytotoxic, pro-inflammatory, and redox-related effects of eight endodontic sealers on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPdLFs): Biopulp (Chema-Elektromet), AH Plus (Dentsply Sirona), MTA Fillapex (Angelus), EndoSeal MTA (Maruchi), GuttaFlow (Coltène), AH Plus Bioceramic (Dentsply Sirona), TotalFill BC (FKG Dentaire SA), and BioRoot TM (Septodont). Cells were exposed for 24 h to 10-fold-diluted sealer extracts prepared in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions, while control samples underwent identical procedures without sealer contact. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant defense parameters, protein oxidation indices, apoptotic activity (caspase-3), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6), and cell viability (MTT assay) were assessed. Under the applied conditions, all materials induced only limited global oxidative stress, with most alterations reflecting selective protein and glycoxidative modifications. Nevertheless, AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, and the calcium hydroxide-based Biopulp exhibited a less favorable redox profile and greater protein oxidation compared with calcium silicate-based sealers. AH Plus and EndoSeal MTA were associated with increased IL-6 release, whereas EndoSeal MTA moderately elevated IL-1 levels. BioRoot TM demonstrated the lowest cytokine expression, and TotalFill BC preserved high cell viability. Caspase-3 activity remained comparable across all experimental groups, indicating minimal induction of apoptosis.