Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and peripheral nerves, leading to progressive physical disability and deformities if not diagnosed and treated early.^1-3 Despite a significant reduction in its global prevalence since the World Health Organization (WHO) implemented the free multidrug therapy program in 1995, leprosy remains a major cause of morbidity owing to its associated long-term disabilities and sequelae⁴ in an estimated 2 million people worldwide.^5,6

Importance Evidence has emerged on the efficacy of tranexamic acid to control blood loss and postoperative complications after rhinoplasty. Objective To investigate the results of tranexamic acid use to reduce intraoperative bleeding, postoperative eyelid edema, and periorbital ecchymosis in rhinoplasty. Data Sources and Study Selection For this systematic review of randomized clinical trials, searches were performed in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Google Scholar, OpenThesis, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to December 23, 2017. Key words includedtranexamic acid,rhinoplasty, andnasal surgical procedures.The following elements were used to define eligibility criteria: (1) population: patients undergoing rhinoplasty surgery; (2) intervention and controls: tranexamic acid vs placebo solution or no-treatment control group; (3) outcomes: intraoperative bleeding, postoperative eyelid edema and periorbital ecchymosis, and thromboembolic events; and (4) study type: randomized clinical trials. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality according to the Cochrane guidelines for randomized clinical trials. Treatment effects were defined as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CIs. The strength of evidence was analyzed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation rating system. Main Outcomes and Measures Intraoperative bleeding, postoperative eyelid edema and periorbital ecchymosis. To calculate the effect sizes, means and SDs were obtained for each study group and outcome of interest. Results Five studies comprising 276 patients were included in the systematic review: 177 patients (64.1%) were women, and mean age was 26.8 (range, 16-42) years. Four studies comprising 246 patients estimated the amount in intraoperative bleeding as a primary outcome and were included in the meta-analysis. Eyelid edema and ecchymosis were evaluated as outcomes in 2 studies. Tranexamic acid was associated with reduced bleeding during rhinoplasty was found (WMD, −42.28 mL; 95% CI, −70.36 to −14.21 mL), with differences (P = .01) between oral (WMD, −61.70 mL; 95% CI, −83.02 to −40.39 mL;I² = 0%) and intravenous (WMD, −23.88 mL; 95% CI, −45.19 to −2.58 mL;I² = 56%) administration. Eyelid edema and ecchymosis scores in patients receiving tranexamic acid were significantly lower compared with the control group within the first postoperative week: lower eyelid edema, WMD, −0.76; 95% CI, −1.04 to −0.49 and lower eyelid ecchymosis, WMD, −0.94; 95% CI, −1.80 to −0.08. No cases of thromboembolic events were reported. Conclusions and Relevance Current available evidence suggests that preoperative administration of tranexamic acid is safe and may reduce intraoperative bleeding as well as postoperative eyelid edema and ecchymosis in patients undergoing rhinoplasty.