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Dr. Nicolas Berger
School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK

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0 Cycling
0 Running
0 Triathlon
0 ergogenic aids
0 Endurance performance

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ergogenic aids
Ultra-endurance
Sports nutrition strategies

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Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Beverages
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Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n = 12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35 °C; 15 ± 2%) following a 15 min control period, during which the participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (carbohydrate; menthol; water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 ± 90% CI: −0.09–0.52) and water swilling (0.26; −0.04–0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (−0.33; −0.63–0.03) and water (−0.40; from −0.70 to −0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (−0.71; from −1.01 to −0.40 and −0.66; from −0.97 to −0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.

ACS Style

Russ Best; Peter Maulder; Nicolas Berger. Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial. Beverages 2021, 7, 9 .

AMA Style

Russ Best, Peter Maulder, Nicolas Berger. Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial. Beverages. 2021; 7 (1):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russ Best; Peter Maulder; Nicolas Berger. 2021. "Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial." Beverages 7, no. 1: 9.

Preprint
Published: 20 November 2020
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Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n=12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35°C; 15±2%), following a 15 min control period, participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (Carbohydrate; Menthol; Water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 ± 90% CI: -0.09 to 0.52) and water swilling (0.26; -0.04 to 0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (-0.33; -0.63 to 0.03) and water (-0.40; -0.70 to -0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (-0.71; -1.01 to -0.40 and -0.66; -0.97 to -0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.

ACS Style

Russ Best; Peter S Maulder; Nicolas Berger. Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions. 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Russ Best, Peter S Maulder, Nicolas Berger. Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions. . 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russ Best; Peter S Maulder; Nicolas Berger. 2020. "Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions." , no. : 1.

Case report
Published: 17 August 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Ultra-running comprises running events longer than a marathon (>42.2 km). The prolonged duration of ultra-running leads to decrements in most or all physiological parameters and considerable energy expenditure (EE) and energy deficits. SG, 47 years, 162.5 cm, 49 kg, VO2max 4 mL/kg/min−1/2.37 L/min−1, ran continuously for 7 days on a treadmill in 3 h blocks followed by 30 min breaks and slept from 1–5 a.m. Heart rate (HR) oxygen uptake (VO2), rating of perceived exertion, weight, blood lactate (mmol·L−1), haemoglobin (g·dL), haematocrit (%) and glucose (mmol·L−1), and nutrition and hydration were recorded. SG ran for 17.5 h/day, covering ~120 km/day at ~7 km/h. Energy expenditure for each 24 h period was 6878 kcal/day and energy intake (EI) was 2701 kcal/day. EE was 382 kcal/h, with 66.6% from fat and 33.4% from carbohydrate oxidation. 7 day EI was 26,989 kcal and EE was 48,147 kcal, with a total energy deficit (ED) of 21,158 kcal. Average VO2 was 1.2 L·min−1/24.7 mL·kg·min−1, Respriatory echange ratio (RER) 0.80 ± 0.03, HR 120–125 b·min−1. Weight increased from 48.6 to 49.5 kg. Haemoglobin decreased from 13.7 to 11 g·dL and haematocrit decreased from 40% to 33%. SG ran 833.05 km. SG exhibits an enhanced fat metabolism through which she had a large daily ED. Her success can be attributed to a combination of physiological and psychological factors.

ACS Style

Nicolas Berger; Daniel Cooley; Michael Graham; Claire Harrison; Russ Best. Physiological Responses and Nutritional Intake during a 7-Day Treadmill Running World Record. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5962 .

AMA Style

Nicolas Berger, Daniel Cooley, Michael Graham, Claire Harrison, Russ Best. Physiological Responses and Nutritional Intake during a 7-Day Treadmill Running World Record. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (16):5962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berger; Daniel Cooley; Michael Graham; Claire Harrison; Russ Best. 2020. "Physiological Responses and Nutritional Intake during a 7-Day Treadmill Running World Record." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16: 5962.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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ACS Style

Nicolas John Alexander Berger; Russ Best; Daniel Cooley; Michael Graham; Claire Harrison; Matthew Wright. Setting A New World Record: The Demands Of Running 833km On Treadmill In 7 Days. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2020, 52, 215 -215.

AMA Style

Nicolas John Alexander Berger, Russ Best, Daniel Cooley, Michael Graham, Claire Harrison, Matthew Wright. Setting A New World Record: The Demands Of Running 833km On Treadmill In 7 Days. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2020; 52 (7S):215-215.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas John Alexander Berger; Russ Best; Daniel Cooley; Michael Graham; Claire Harrison; Matthew Wright. 2020. "Setting A New World Record: The Demands Of Running 833km On Treadmill In 7 Days." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 52, no. 7S: 215-215.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2019 in Cogent Medicine
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ACS Style

Regan J. Standing; Peter S. Maulder; Russ Best; Nicolas Berger. The influence of maturation on functional performance and injury markers in male youth. Cogent Medicine 2019, 6, 1 .

AMA Style

Regan J. Standing, Peter S. Maulder, Russ Best, Nicolas Berger. The influence of maturation on functional performance and injury markers in male youth. Cogent Medicine. 2019; 6 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Regan J. Standing; Peter S. Maulder; Russ Best; Nicolas Berger. 2019. "The influence of maturation on functional performance and injury markers in male youth." Cogent Medicine 6, no. 1: 1.

Case report
Published: 04 October 2018 in Sports
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Ultra-endurance running provides numerous physiological, psychological, and nutritional challenges to the athlete and supporting practitioners. We describe the changes in physiological status, psychological condition, and nutritional intake over the course of two 100-mile running races, with differing outcomes: non-completion and completion. Athlete perception of pain, freshness, and motivation differed between events, independent of rating of perceived exertion. Our data suggest that the integration of multiple sensations (freshness, motivation, hunger, pain, and thirst) produce performance. Increases in carbohydrate feeding (+5 g·h−1) and protein intake (+0.3 g·kg−1) also likely contributed to successful completion of a 100-mile race, by reducing the fractional utilization of maximal oxygen uptake and satiating hunger, respectively. Nutritional data support the notion that the gut is a trainable, and critical organ with respect to ultra-endurance performance. Finally, we propose future research to investigate the rate at which peak feeding occurs throughout ultra-endurance events, as this may further serve to personalize sports nutrition strategies.

ACS Style

Russ Best; Benjamin Barwick; Alice Best; Nicolas Berger; Claire Harrison; Matthew Wright; Julie Sparrow. Changes in Pain and Nutritional Intake Modulate Ultra-Running Performance: A Case Report. Sports 2018, 6, 111 .

AMA Style

Russ Best, Benjamin Barwick, Alice Best, Nicolas Berger, Claire Harrison, Matthew Wright, Julie Sparrow. Changes in Pain and Nutritional Intake Modulate Ultra-Running Performance: A Case Report. Sports. 2018; 6 (4):111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russ Best; Benjamin Barwick; Alice Best; Nicolas Berger; Claire Harrison; Matthew Wright; Julie Sparrow. 2018. "Changes in Pain and Nutritional Intake Modulate Ultra-Running Performance: A Case Report." Sports 6, no. 4: 111.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2018 in Beverages
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Menthol mouth-swilling has been shown to improve performance across differing exercise modalities, yet no work has been conducted to ascertain the preferred concentration of menthol within a swill. Colour has also been shown to influence psychophysiological outcomes, and may influence the efficacy of ergogenic aids. We conducted two experiments: one to ascertain preferred menthol concentration (0.005–0.105% menthol), the second to assess colour preference (Light Blue, Dark Blue, Light Green, Dark Green, Red). Participants rated swills for Smell, Taste, Freshness, Mouth Feel and Irritation (plus Appearance in the second trial) via 15 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), having swilled and expectorated 25 mL of fluid. Both trials employed a crossover design, with tasting order assigned by Latin squares. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Standardised mean differences ±90% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of any observed differences. No significant differences were found between concentrations for total VAS score, but higher concentrations demonstrated a greater number of small effects. Similarly, no significant differences between colours were found. Small effects were found when Light Green was compared to Dark Green and Red. Effects were trivial when Light Green was compared to Light Blue (0.05 ± 0.20) and Dark Blue (0.19 ± 0.32). We recommend athletes employ a Light Green or Light Blue 0.1% menthol mouth-swill.

ACS Style

Russ Best; Iain R. Spears; Philip Hurst; Nicolas J. A. Berger. The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise. Beverages 2018, 4, 44 .

AMA Style

Russ Best, Iain R. Spears, Philip Hurst, Nicolas J. A. Berger. The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise. Beverages. 2018; 4 (2):44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russ Best; Iain R. Spears; Philip Hurst; Nicolas J. A. Berger. 2018. "The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise." Beverages 4, no. 2: 44.

Review
Published: 02 February 2018 in Sports
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This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess studies which have investigated cooling methodologies, their timing and effects, on endurance exercise performance in trained athletes (Category 3; VO2max ≥ 55 mL·kg·min−1) in hot environmental conditions (≥28 °C). Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the effects of timings and methods of application, with a narrative review of the evidence also provided. A computer-assisted database search was performed for articles investigating the effects of cooling on endurance performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses. A total of 4129 results were screened by title, abstract, and full text, resulting in 10 articles being included for subsequent analyses. A total of 101 participants and 310 observations from 10 studies measuring the effects of differing cooling strategies on endurance exercise performance and accompanying physiological and perceptual responses were included. With respect to time trial performance, cooling was shown to result in small beneficial effects when applied before and throughout the exercise bout (Effect Size: −0.44; −0.69 to −0.18), especially when ingested (−0.39; −0.60 to −0.18). Current evidence suggests that whilst other strategies ameliorate physiological or perceptual responses throughout endurance exercise in hot conditions, ingesting cooling aids before and during exercise provides a small benefit, which is of practical significance to athletes’ time trial performance.

ACS Style

Russ Best; Stephen Payton; Iain Spears; Florence Riera; Nicolas Berger. Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports 2018, 6, 11 .

AMA Style

Russ Best, Stephen Payton, Iain Spears, Florence Riera, Nicolas Berger. Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat. Sports. 2018; 6 (1):11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Russ Best; Stephen Payton; Iain Spears; Florence Riera; Nicolas Berger. 2018. "Topical and Ingested Cooling Methodologies for Endurance Exercise Performance in the Heat." Sports 6, no. 1: 11.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2012 in The Journal of Physiology
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Following the start of low-intensity exercise in healthy humans, it has been established that the kinetics of skeletal muscle O2 delivery is faster than, and does not limit, the kinetics of muscle O2 uptake (). Direct data are lacking, however, on the question of whether O2 delivery might limit kinetics during high-intensity exercise. Using multiple exercise transitions to enhance confidence in parameter estimation, we therefore investigated the kinetics of, and inter-relationships between, muscle blood flow (), a– difference and following the onset of low-intensity (LI) and high-intensity (HI) exercise. Seven healthy males completed four 6 min bouts of LI and four 6 min bouts of HI single-legged knee-extension exercise. Blood was frequently drawn from the femoral artery and vein during exercise and , a– difference and were calculated and subsequently modelled using non-linear regression techniques. For LI, the fundamental component mean response time (MRTp) for kinetics was significantly shorter than kinetics (mean ± SEM, 18 ± 4 vs. 30 ± 4 s; P < 0.05), whereas for HI, the MRTp for and was not significantly different (27 ± 5 vs. 29 ± 4 s, respectively). There was no difference in the MRTp for either or between the two exercise intensities; however, the MRTp for a– difference was significantly shorter for HI compared with LI (17 ± 3 vs. 28 ± 4 s; P < 0.05). Excess O2, i.e. oxygen not taken up (×), was significantly elevated within the first 5 s of exercise and remained unaltered thereafter, with no differences between LI and HI. These results indicate that bulk O2 delivery does not limit kinetics following the onset of LI or HI knee-extension exercise.

ACS Style

Andrew M. Jones; Peter Krustrup; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas Berger; Jose A. Calbet; Jens Bangsbo. Influence of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle blood flow, O2 extraction and O2 uptake on-kinetics. The Journal of Physiology 2012, 590, 4363 -4376.

AMA Style

Andrew M. Jones, Peter Krustrup, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Nicolas Berger, Jose A. Calbet, Jens Bangsbo. Influence of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle blood flow, O2 extraction and O2 uptake on-kinetics. The Journal of Physiology. 2012; 590 (17):4363-4376.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew M. Jones; Peter Krustrup; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas Berger; Jose A. Calbet; Jens Bangsbo. 2012. "Influence of exercise intensity on skeletal muscle blood flow, O2 extraction and O2 uptake on-kinetics." The Journal of Physiology 590, no. 17: 4363-4376.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 10 March 2011 in Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
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Rowers regularly undertake rowing training within 24 h of performing bouts of strength training; however, the effect of this practice has not been investigated. This study evaluated the impact of a bout of high-intensity strength training on 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance and rowing-specific maximal power. Eight highly trained male club rowers performed baseline measures of five separate, static squat jumps (SSJ) and countermovement jumps (CMJ), maximal rowing ergometer power strokes (PS) and a single 2,000 m rowing ergometer test (2,000 m). Subsequently, participants performed a high-intensity strength training session consisting of various multi-joint barbell exercises. The 2,000 m test was repeated at 24 and 48 h post-ST, in addition SSJ, CMJ and PS tests were performed at these time points and also at 2 h post-ST. Muscle soreness, serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were assessed pre-ST and 2, 24 and 48 h post-ST. Following the ST, there were significant elevations in muscle soreness (2 and 24 h, P P P < 0.05) in comparison to baseline values. There were significant decrements across all time points for SSJ, CMJ and PS, which ranged between 3 and 10% (P < 0.05). However, 2,000 m performance and related measurements of heart rate and blood lactate were not significantly affected by ST. In summary, a bout of high-intensity strength training resulted in symptoms of muscle damage and decrements in rowing-specific maximal power, but this did not affect 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance in highly trained rowers.

ACS Style

Thomas I. Gee; Duncan N. French; Glyn Howatson; Stephen J. Payton; Nicolas Berger; Kevin Thompson. Does a bout of strength training affect 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance and rowing-specific maximal power 24 h later? Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2011, 111, 2653 -2662.

AMA Style

Thomas I. Gee, Duncan N. French, Glyn Howatson, Stephen J. Payton, Nicolas Berger, Kevin Thompson. Does a bout of strength training affect 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance and rowing-specific maximal power 24 h later? Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2011; 111 (11):2653-2662.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas I. Gee; Duncan N. French; Glyn Howatson; Stephen J. Payton; Nicolas Berger; Kevin Thompson. 2011. "Does a bout of strength training affect 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance and rowing-specific maximal power 24 h later?" Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 111, no. 11: 2653-2662.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2011 in Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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Gee, TI, Olsen, PD, Berger, NJ, Golby, J, and Thompson, KG. Strength and conditioning practices in rowing. J Strength Cond Res 25(3): 668-682, 2011-There is limited published research on the practices of strength and conditioning (S &C) coaches in Great Britain. Information about training program design would be useful in developing models of good practice and ecologically valid intervention studies. The aim of this research was to quantify the training practices of coaches responsible for the S&C of rowing athletes. A questionnaire was developed that consisted of 6 sections: (a) personal details, (b) physical testing, (c) strength and power development, (d) flexibility development, (e) unique aspects of the program, and (f) any further relevant comments regarding the athletes prescribed training program. Twenty-two rowing and 10 S&C coaches with an average of 10.5 ± 7.2 years' experience agreed to complete the questionnaire. Approximately, 34% coached rowers of Olympic standard, 34% coached national standard, 3% coached regional standard, 19% coached club standard, and 10% coached university standard rowers. All coaches agreed that strength training enhanced rowing performance and the majority (74%) indicated that athletes' strength trained 2-3 times a week. Almost all coaches (94%) reported their rowers performed strength training, with 81% using Olympic lifting, and 91% employing a periodized training model. The clean (63%) and squat (27%) were rated the most important prescribed exercises. Approximately 50% of coaches used plyometrics such as depth jumps, box drills, and standing jumps. Ninety-four percent indicated they conducted physical testing on their rowers, typically assessing cardiovascular endurance (80%), muscular power (70%), muscular strength (70%), and anaerobic capacity (57%). This research represents the only published survey to date on the S&C practices in rowing within Great Britain.

ACS Style

Thomas I Gee; Peter D Olsen; Nicolas J Berger; Jim Golby; Kevin G Thompson. Strength and Conditioning Practices in Rowing. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2011, 25, 668 -682.

AMA Style

Thomas I Gee, Peter D Olsen, Nicolas J Berger, Jim Golby, Kevin G Thompson. Strength and Conditioning Practices in Rowing. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011; 25 (3):668-682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas I Gee; Peter D Olsen; Nicolas J Berger; Jim Golby; Kevin G Thompson. 2011. "Strength and Conditioning Practices in Rowing." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25, no. 3: 668-682.

Clinical trial
Published: 30 September 2009 in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
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We hypothesised that dichloroacetate (DCA) would reduce blood lactate accumulation, pulmonary carbon dioxide output ( V ˙ C O 2 ) and ventilation ( V ˙ E ) at sub-maximal work rates, and improve exercise tolerance during incremental exercise in healthy humans. Nine males (mean ± SD, age 27 ± 4 years) completed, in random order, two ramp incremental cycle ergometer tests to the limit of tolerance following the intravenous infusion of DCA (75 mg/kg body mass in 80 ml saline) or an equivalent volume of saline (as placebo). Relative to control, blood [lactate] was significantly reduced by DCA immediately before exercise (CON: 0.7 ± 0.2 vs . DCA: 0.5 ± 0.2 mM; P < 0.05) and throughout exercise until 630 s ( P < 0.05). Blood [HCO 3 − ] was significantly higher in the DCA condition from 360 s until 720 s of exercise ( P < 0.05). V ˙ C O 2 and V ˙ E were both lower throughout exercise in the DCA condition, with the differences reaching significance at 90 and 180 s for V ˙ C O 2 ( P < 0.05) and at 90, 180, 450, 540, 630, and 810 s for V ˙ E ( P < 0.05). Exercise tolerance was not significantly altered (CON: 1029 ± 109 vs . DCA: 1045 ± 101 s). Infusion of DCA resulted in reductions in blood [lactate], V ˙ C O 2 and V ˙ E during sub-maximal incremental exercise, consistent with the existence of a link between the bicarbonate buffering of metabolic acidosis and increased CO 2 output. However, the reduced blood lactate accumulation during sub-maximal exercise with DCA did not enhance exercise tolerance. Keywords DCA Pulmonary gas exchange Acid–base balance Exercise tolerance 1 Introduction The ramp incremental exercise test is commonly used for the diagnosis of exercise capacity and for monitoring the physiological adaptations to training or rehabilitation ( Myers and Bellin, 2000; Palange et al., 2007 ). These exercise tests, which are most commonly performed on a cycle ergometer and involve a progressive increase in external work rate (WR) from a very low baseline (0–20 W) to the limit of tolerance, allow the physician or physiologist to assess the integrated capacity of the subject's pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscle metabolic systems to take up, transport and utilise O 2 . The ramp incremental test enables a number of potentially important parameters of aerobic fitness and performance to be determined ( Davis et al., 1982; Whipp et al., 1981 ), including the peak WR, the maximum O 2 uptake ( V ˙ O 2 max ) , the delta efficiency (from the Δ V ˙ O 2 / Δ WR slope), and the gas exchange threshold (GET). The GET is assessed from a cluster of pulmonary gas exchange indices including a non-linear increase in carbon dioxide output ( V ˙ C O 2 ) relative to V ˙ O 2 ( Beaver et al., 1986a,b ), and has been shown to be closely correlated with the so-called lactate threshold (LT; i.e. the metabolic rate above which blood lactate concentration ([lactate]) rises above a baseline of approximately 1 mM ( Wasserman et al., 1973, 1990 ). The LT/GET is considered to be an important determinant of exercise tolerance because it delineates the ‘moderate’ exercise domain, within which a steady-state in V ˙ O 2 can be achieved relatively rapidly and homeostasis (as reflected in, for example, blood acid–base variables) can be maintained, from the ‘heavy’ exercise domain, within which the attainment of a V ˙ O 2 steady-state might be considerably delayed and homeostasis is challenged ( Whipp, 1987; Wilkerson et al., 2004 ). The proposed mechanistic basis for the non-invasive estimation of the LT from gas exchange variables is that the increased liberation of hydrogen ions (H + ) as a consequence of increased muscle lactate production is buffered by body bicarbonate stores (HCO 3 − ) resulting in increased CO 2 output and, initially at least, a corresponding increase in pulmonary ventilation ( V ˙ E ; Wasserman, 1986; Wasserman et al., 1990 ). However, it is well known that the control of pulmonary ventilation is multi-factorial and it remains possible that the steeper rise in V ˙ E observed above the GET is also related, in part, to neurogenic and/or additional homoral stimuli ( Mateika and Duffin, 1995; Whipp and Ward, 1998 ). The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), the enzyme which commits acetyl groups irreversibly to the tricarboxylic acid cycle for ultimate use as a substrate in oxidative phosphorylation can be increased pharmacologically using the drug dichloroacetate (DCA; Howlett et al., 1999; Timmons et al. 1986, 1996 ). It has been shown that DCA infusion in humans results in a significant reduction in muscle lactate production ( Howlett et al., 1999; Timmons et al. 1986, 1998 ) and blood lactate accumulation ( Ludvik et al., 1993; Koppo et al., 2004 ). If the mechanistic bases to the pulmonary gas exchange dynamics during incremental exercise outlined earlier is correct, it would be expected that a reduction in muscle lactate production following DCA infusion would result in a sparing of blood [HCO 3 − ] , the production of less ‘non-metabolic’ CO 2 , and a reduced V ˙ C O 2 and V ˙ E for the same external WR during ramp incremental exercise. These alterations in the blood acid–base and pulmonary gas exchange responses to exercise might be considered to be favourable for muscle function and exercise tolerance ( Ludvik et al., 1993 ). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the influence of DCA infusion on blood acid–base status and pulmonary gas exchange during incremental exercise in healthy human volunteers. We hypothesised that during incremental exercise following DCA infusion: (1) blood [lactate] and [HCO 3 − ] would be lower and higher, respectively, and V ˙ C O 2 and V ˙ E would be reduced, for the same metabolic rate; and (2)...

ACS Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson; Iain T. Campbell; Jamie R. Blackwell; Nicolas Berger; Andrew M. Jones. Influence of dichloroacetate on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation during incremental exercise in healthy humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2009, 168, 224 -229.

AMA Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson, Iain T. Campbell, Jamie R. Blackwell, Nicolas Berger, Andrew M. Jones. Influence of dichloroacetate on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation during incremental exercise in healthy humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2009; 168 (3):224-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson; Iain T. Campbell; Jamie R. Blackwell; Nicolas Berger; Andrew M. Jones. 2009. "Influence of dichloroacetate on pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation during incremental exercise in healthy humans." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 168, no. 3: 224-229.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2007 in American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
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We hypothesized that a period of endurance training would result in a speeding of muscle phosphocreatine concentration ([PCr]) kinetics over the fundamental phase of the response and a reduction in the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component during high-intensity exercise. Six male subjects (age 26 ± 5 yr) completed 5 wk of single-legged knee-extension exercise training with the alternate leg serving as a control. Before and after the intervention period, the subjects completed incremental and high-intensity step exercise tests of 6-min duration with both legs separately inside the bore of a whole-body magnetic resonance spectrometer. The time-to-exhaustion during incremental exercise was not changed in the control leg [preintervention group (PRE): 19.4 ± 2.3 min vs. postintervention group (POST): 19.4 ± 1.9 min] but was significantly increased in the trained leg (PRE: 19.6 ± 1.6 min vs. POST: 22.0 ± 2.2 min; P < 0.05). During step exercise, there were no significant changes in the control leg, but end-exercise pH and [PCr] were higher after vs. before training. The time constant for the [PCr] kinetics over the fundamental exponential region of the response was not significantly altered in either the control leg (PRE: 40 ± 13 s vs. POST: 43 ± 10 s) or the trained leg (PRE: 38 ± 8 s vs. POST: 40 ± 12 s). However, the amplitude of the [PCr] slow component was significantly reduced in the trained leg (PRE: 15 ± 7 vs. POST: 7 ± 7% change in [PCr]; P < 0.05) with there being no change in the control leg (PRE: 13 ± 8 vs. POST: 12 ± 10% change in [PCr]). The attenuation of the [PCr] slow component might be mechanistically linked with enhanced exercise tolerance following endurance training.

ACS Style

Andrew M. Jones; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas Berger; Jonathan Fulford. Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2007, 293, R392 -R401.

AMA Style

Andrew M. Jones, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Nicolas Berger, Jonathan Fulford. Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2007; 293 (1):R392-R401.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew M. Jones; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas Berger; Jonathan Fulford. 2007. "Influence of endurance training on muscle [PCr] kinetics during high-intensity exercise." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 1: R392-R401.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2007 in Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
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Pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics during “step” exercise have not been characterized in young, sprint-trained (SPT), athletes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that SPT athletes would have (i) slower phase II kinetics and (ii) a greater oxygen uptake “slow component” when compared with endurance-trained (ENT) athletes. Eight sub-elite SPT athletes (mean ( ± SD) age = 25 (±7) y; mass = 80.3 (±7.3) kg) and 8 sub-elite ENT athletes (age= 28 (±4) y; mass = 73.2 (±5.1) kg) completed a ramp incremental cycle ergometer test, a Wingate 30 s anaerobic sprint test, and repeat “step” transitions in work rate from 20 W to moderate- and severe-intensity cycle exercise, during which pulmonary oxygen uptake was measured breath by breath. The phase II oxygen uptake kinetics were significantly slower in the SPT athletes both for moderate (time constant, τ; SPT 32 (±4) s vs. ENT 17 (±3) s; p < 0.01) and severe (SPT 32 (±12) s vs. ENT 20 (±6) s; p < 0.05) exercise. The amplitude of the slow component (derived by exponential modelling) was not significantly different between the groups (SPT 0.55 (±0.12) L·min–1 vs. ENT 0.50 (±0.22) L·min–1), but the increase in oxygen uptake between 3 and 6 min of severe exercise was greater in the SPT athletes (SPT 0.37 (±0.08) L·min–1 vs. ENT 0.20 (±0.09) L·min–1; p < 0.01). The phase II τ was significantly correlated with indices of aerobic exercise performance (e.g., peak oxygen uptake (moderate-intensity r = –0.88, p < 0.01; severe intensity r = –0.62; p < 0.05), whereas the relative amplitude of the oxygen uptake slow component was significantly correlated with indices of anaerobic exercise performance (e.g., Wingate peak power output; r = 0.77; p < 0.01). Thus, it could be concluded that sub-elite SPT athletes have slower phase II oxygen uptake kinetics and a larger oxygen uptake slow component compared with sub-elite ENT athletes. It appears that indices of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance differentially influence the fundamental and slow components of the oxygen uptake kinetics.

ACS Style

Nicolas Berger; Andrew M. Jones. Pulmonary O2 uptake on-kinetics in sprint- and endurance-trained athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2007, 32, 383 -393.

AMA Style

Nicolas Berger, Andrew M. Jones. Pulmonary O2 uptake on-kinetics in sprint- and endurance-trained athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2007; 32 (3):383-393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berger; Andrew M. Jones. 2007. "Pulmonary O2 uptake on-kinetics in sprint- and endurance-trained athletes." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 3: 383-393.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 01 November 2006 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose: The influence of metabolic alkalosis (ALK) on pulmonary O 2 uptake (pV̇O2) kinetics during high-intensity cycle exercise is controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of ALK induced by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on pV̇O2 kinetics, using a sufficient number of repeat-step transitions to provide high confidence in the results obtained. Methods: Seven healthy males completed step tests to a work rate requiring 80% pV̇O 2max on six separate occasions: three times after ingestion of 0.3 g·kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 in 1 L of fluid, and three times after ingestion of a placebo (CON). Blood samples were taken to assess changes in acid-base balance, and pV̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath. Results: NaHCO3 ingestion significantly increased blood pH and [bicarbonate] both before and during exercise relative to the control condition (P < 0.001). The time constant of the phase II pV̇O2 response was not different between conditions (CON: 29 ± 6 vs ALK: 32 ± 7 s; P = 0.21). However, the onset of the pV̇O2 slow component was delayed by NaHCO3 ingestion (CON: 120 ± 19 vs ALK: 147 ± 34 s; P < 0.01), resulting in a significantly reduced end-exercise pV̇O2 (CON: 2.88 ± 0.19 vs ALK: 2.79 ± 0.23 L-min-1; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Metabolic alkalosis has no effect on phase II pV̇O2 kinetics but alters the pV̇O2 slow-component response, possibly as a result of the effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on muscle pH

ACS Style

Nicolas Berger; Lars Mc Naughton; Simon Keatley; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Andrew M. Jones. Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Alters the Slow but Not the Fast Phase of V˙O2 Kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006, 38, 1909 -1917.

AMA Style

Nicolas Berger, Lars Mc Naughton, Simon Keatley, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Andrew M. Jones. Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Alters the Slow but Not the Fast Phase of V˙O2 Kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2006; 38 (11):1909-1917.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berger; Lars Mc Naughton; Simon Keatley; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Andrew M. Jones. 2006. "Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Alters the Slow but Not the Fast Phase of V˙O2 Kinetics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 11: 1909-1917.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2006 in Journal of Applied Physiology
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We hypothesized that the performance of prior heavy exercise would speed the phase 2 oxygen consumption (V̇o2) kinetics during subsequent heavy exercise in the supine position (where perfusion pressure might limit muscle O2 supply) but not in the upright position. Eight healthy men (mean ± SD age 24 ± 7 yr; body mass 75.0 ± 5.8 kg) completed a double-step test protocol involving two bouts of 6 min of heavy cycle exercise, separated by a 10-min recovery period, on two occasions in each of the upright and supine positions. Pulmonary O2 uptake was measured breath by breath and muscle oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The NIRS data indicated that the performance of prior exercise resulted in hyperemia in both body positions. In the upright position, prior exercise had no significant effect on the time constant (τ) of the V̇o2 response in phase 2 ( bout 1: 29 ± 10 vs. bout 2: 28 ± 4 s; P = 0.91) but reduced the amplitude of the V̇o2 slow component ( bout 1: 0.45 ± 0.16 vs. bout 2: 0.22 ± 0.14 l/min; P = 0.006) during subsequent heavy exercise. In contrast, in the supine position, prior exercise resulted in a significant reduction in the phase 2 τ ( bout 1: 38 ± 18 vs. bout 2: 24 ± 9 s; P = 0.03) but did not alter the amplitude of the V̇o2 slow component ( bout 1: 0.40 ± 0.29 vs. bout 2: 0.41 ± 0.20 l/min; P = 0.86). These results suggest that the performance of prior heavy exercise enables a speeding of phase 2 V̇o2 kinetics during heavy exercise in the supine position, presumably by negating an O2 delivery limitation that was extant in the control condition, but not during upright exercise, where muscle O2 supply was probably not limiting.

ACS Style

Andrew M. Jones; Nicolas J. A. Berger; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Claire L. Roberts. Effects of “priming” exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during heavy-intensity cycle exercise in the supine and upright positions. Journal of Applied Physiology 2006, 101, 1432 -1441.

AMA Style

Andrew M. Jones, Nicolas J. A. Berger, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Claire L. Roberts. Effects of “priming” exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during heavy-intensity cycle exercise in the supine and upright positions. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 101 (5):1432-1441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew M. Jones; Nicolas J. A. Berger; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Claire L. Roberts. 2006. "Effects of “priming” exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during heavy-intensity cycle exercise in the supine and upright positions." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 5: 1432-1441.

Controlled clinical trial
Published: 01 September 2006 in Journal of Applied Physiology
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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of acute plasma volume expansion (APVE) on oxygen uptake (V̇o2) kinetics, V̇o2peak, and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise. Eight recreationally active men performed “step” cycle ergometer exercise tests at a work rate requiring 70% of the difference between the gas-exchange threshold and V̇o2max on three occasions: twice as a “control” (Con) and once after intravenous infusion of a plasma volume expander (Gelofusine; 7 ml/kg body mass). Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath by breath. APVE resulted in a significant reduction in hemoglobin concentration (preinfusion: 16.0 ± 1.0 vs. postinfusion: 14.7 ± 0.8 g/dl; P < 0.001) and hematocrit (preinfusion: 44 ± 2 vs. postinfusion: 41 ± 3%; P < 0.01). Despite this reduction in arterial O2 content, APVE had no effect on V̇o2 kinetics (phase II time constant, Con: 33 ± 15 vs. APVE: 34 ± 12 s; P = 0.74), and actually resulted in an increased V̇o2peak (Con: 3.90 ± 0.56 vs. APVE: 4.12 ± 0.55 l/min; P = 0.006) and time to exhaustion (Con: 365 ± 58 vs. APVE: 424 ± 64 s; P = 0.04). The maximum O2 pulse was also enhanced by the treatment (Con: 21.3 ± 3.4 vs. APVE: 22.7 ± 3.4 ml/beat; P = 0.04). In conclusion, APVE does not alter V̇o2 kinetics but enhances V̇o2peak and exercise tolerance during high-intensity cycle exercise in young recreationally active subjects.

ACS Style

Nicolas Berger; Iain T. Campbell; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Andrew M. Jones. Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on V̇o2 kinetics, V̇o2peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology 2006, 101, 707 -714.

AMA Style

Nicolas Berger, Iain T. Campbell, Daryl P. Wilkerson, Andrew M. Jones. Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on V̇o2 kinetics, V̇o2peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 101 (3):707-714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berger; Iain T. Campbell; Daryl P. Wilkerson; Andrew M. Jones. 2006. "Influence of acute plasma volume expansion on V̇o2 kinetics, V̇o2peak, and performance during high-intensity cycle exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 3: 707-714.

Clinical trial
Published: 31 August 2006 in Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
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The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of hyperoxic gas (50% O2 in N2) inspiration on pulmonary oxygen uptake (over(V, ̇)O2) kinetics during step transitions to moderate, severe and supra-maximal intensity cycle exercise. Seven healthy male subjects completed repeat transitions to moderate (90% of the gas exchange threshold, GET), severe (70% of the difference between the GET and over(V, ̇)O2 peak) and supra-maximal (105% over(V, ̇)O2 peak) intensity work rates while breathing either normoxic (N) or hyperoxic (H) gas before and during exercise. Hyperoxia had no significant effect on the Phase II over(V, ̇)O2 time constant during moderate (N: 28 ± 3 s versus H: 31 ± 7 s), severe (N: 32 ± 9 s versus H: 33 ± 6 s) or supra-maximal (N: 37 ± 9 s versus H: 37 ± 9 s) exercise. Hyperoxia resulted in a 45% reduction in the amplitude of the over(V, ̇)O2 slow component during severe exercise (N: 0.60 ± 0.21 L min-1 versus H: 0.33 ± 0.17 L min-1; P < 0.05) and a 15% extension of time to exhaustion during supra-maximal exercise (N: 173 ± 28 s versus H: 198 ± 41 s; P < 0.05). These results indicate that the Phase II over(V, ̇)O2 kinetics are not normally constrained by (diffusional) O2 transport limitations during moderate, severe or supra-maximal intensity exercise in young healthy subjects performing upright cycle exercise

ACS Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas J.A. Berger; Andrew M. Jones. Influence of hyperoxia on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics following the onset of exercise in humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2006, 153, 92 -106.

AMA Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson, Nicolas J.A. Berger, Andrew M. Jones. Influence of hyperoxia on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics following the onset of exercise in humans. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 2006; 153 (1):92-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daryl P. Wilkerson; Nicolas J.A. Berger; Andrew M. Jones. 2006. "Influence of hyperoxia on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics following the onset of exercise in humans." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 153, no. 1: 92-106.

Comparative study
Published: 11 April 2006 in International Journal of Sports Medicine
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The purpose of this study was to characterise the V·O2 kinetic response to moderate intensity cycle exercise in endurance-trained (END) and sprint or power-trained (SPR) track and field master athletes ranging in age from 45 to 85 years. We hypothesised that the time constant (τ) describing the Phase II V·O2 on-response would be smaller in the END compared to the SPR athletes, and that the τ would become greater with increasing age in both groups. Eighty-four master athletes who were competing at either the British or European Veteran Athletics Championships acted as subjects, and were classified as either END (800 m - marathon; n = 41), or SPR (100 - 400 m and field events; n = 43) specialists. Subjects completed two 6 minute “step” transitions to a work rate of moderate intensity on a cycle ergometer and pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath. Analysis of variance revealed that SPR athletes had slower V·O2 on-kinetics (i.e., greater τ) compared to END athletes at each of the age groups studied: 46 - 55 yrs (END: 25 ± 6 vs. SPR: 36 ± 9 s; p < 0.10), 56 - 65 yrs (END: 25 ± 5 vs. SPR: 35 ± 10 s; p < 0.05), 66 - 75 yrs (END: 29 ± 10 vs. SPR: 40 ± 13 s; p < 0.05), and 76 - 85 yrs (END: 31 ± 10 vs. SPR: 51 ± 18 s; p < 0.05). The V·O2 on-kinetics became slower with advancing age in the SPR athletes (p < 0.05 between 56 - 65 and 76 - 85 yrs) but were not significantly changed in the END athletes. The slower V·O2 on-kinetics in SPR compared to END master athletes is consistent both with differences in physiology (e.g., muscle fibre type, oxidative/glycolytic capacity) and training between these specialist athletes. Master END athletes have similar τ values to their younger counterparts (∼ 25 s) suggesting that participation in endurance exercise training limits the slowing of V·O2 on-kinetics with age in this population.

ACS Style

Nicolas Berger; Joern Rittweger; A. Kwiet; Ingo Michaelis; A. Williams; Keith Tolfrey; A. Jones. Pulmonary O 2 Uptake On-Kinetics in Endurance- and Sprint-Trained Master Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2006, 27, 1005 -1012.

AMA Style

Nicolas Berger, Joern Rittweger, A. Kwiet, Ingo Michaelis, A. Williams, Keith Tolfrey, A. Jones. Pulmonary O 2 Uptake On-Kinetics in Endurance- and Sprint-Trained Master Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2006; 27 (12):1005-1012.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas Berger; Joern Rittweger; A. Kwiet; Ingo Michaelis; A. Williams; Keith Tolfrey; A. Jones. 2006. "Pulmonary O 2 Uptake On-Kinetics in Endurance- and Sprint-Trained Master Athletes." International Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 12: 1005-1012.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2006 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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Purpose: To examine the relative effectiveness of moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇O2) kinetics at the onset of moderate- and severe-intensity cycle exercise in previously sedentary subjects. Methods: Twenty-three healthy subjects (11 males; mean ± SD age 24 ± 5 yr; V̇O2peak 34.3 ± 5.5 mL·kg−1·min−1) were assigned to one of three groups: a continuous training group that completed three to four sessions per week of 30-min duration at 60% V̇O2peak (LO); an interval training group that completed three to four sessions per week involving 20 × 1-min exercise bouts at 90% V̇O2peak separated by 1-min rest periods (HI); or a control group (CON). Before and after the 6-wk intervention period, all subjects completed a series of step exercise tests to moderate and severe work rates during which pulmonary V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath. Results: ANOVA revealed that continuous and interval training were similarly effective in reducing the phase II V̇O2 time constant during moderate (LO: from 31 ± 8 to 23 ± 5 s; HI: from 32 ± 9 to 21 ± 4 s; both P < 0.05; CON: from 30 ± 6 to 29 ± 7 s; NSD) and severe exercise (LO: from 35 ± 6 to 24 ± 7 s; HI: from 32 ± 11 to 24 ± 7 s; both P < 0.05; CON: from 27 ± 7 to 25 ± 5 s; NSD) and in reducing the amplitude of the V̇O2 slow component (LO: from 0.38 ± 0.10 to 0.29 ± 0.09 L·min−1; HI: from 0.41 ± 0.28 to 0.30 ± 0.28 L·min−1; both P < 0.05; CON: from 0.54 ± 0.22 to 0.66 ± 0.38 L·min−1; NSD). Conclusions: Six weeks of low-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training were similarly effective in enhancing V̇O2 on-kinetics following step transitions to moderate and severe exercise in previously untrained subjects.

ACS Style

Nicolas J. A. Berger; Keith Tolfrey; Alun G. Williams; Andrew M. Jones. Influence of Continuous and Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake On-Kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2006, 38, 504 -512.

AMA Style

Nicolas J. A. Berger, Keith Tolfrey, Alun G. Williams, Andrew M. Jones. Influence of Continuous and Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake On-Kinetics. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2006; 38 (3):504-512.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolas J. A. Berger; Keith Tolfrey; Alun G. Williams; Andrew M. Jones. 2006. "Influence of Continuous and Interval Training on Oxygen Uptake On-Kinetics." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 3: 504-512.