The internal growth patterns and surface micromorphology of diamonds provide a record of their multi-stage evolution, from initial formation within the mantle to their eventual ascent to the Earth’s surface via deeply derived kimberlite magmas. In this study, gemological microscopic examination, Diamond View^TM, Raman spectroscopy, and electron probe analysis were employed to analyze the surface features, internal patterns, and inclusions of the Tancheng alluvial diamonds in Shandong Province, China. The results show that surface features of octahedra with triangular and sharp edges, thick steps with irregular contours or rounded edges, and thin triangular or serrated layers are developed on diamonds during deep-mantle storage, as well as during the growth process of diamonds, when they are not subjected to intense dissolution. The rounding of octahedral and cubic diamond edges and their transformation into tetrahedral (THH) shapes are attributed to resorption in kimberlitic magma. These characteristics indicate that the Tancheng diamonds were commonly resorbed by carbonate–silicate melts during mantle storage. Abnormal birefringence phenomena, including irregular extinction patterns, petaloid and radial extinction patterns, and banded birefringence, were formed during the diamond growth stage. In contrast, fine grid extinction patterns and composite superimposed extinction patterns are related to later plastic deformation. The studied diamonds mainly contain P-type inclusions of olivine and graphite, with a minority of E-type inclusions, including coesite and omphacite. The pressure of entrapment of olivine inclusions within the Tancheng diamonds ranges from 4.3 to 5.9 GPa, which is consistent with that of coesite inclusions, which yield pressure ranging from 5.2 to 5.5 GPa, and a temperature range of 1083–1264 °C. Overall, the evidence suggests that Tancheng diamonds probably originated from hybrid mantle sources metasomatized by the subduction of ancient oceanic lithosphere.