Introduction: Several studies have shown the presence of fluorosis (DF) in primary dentition, suggesting an exposure to fluorides (F⁻) in early childhood. Breast milk is recommended as an exclusive food until 6 months of age. Although it is mentioned that only a small amount of F⁻ can be eliminated by breast milk, studies have shown the presence of this element in milk of women living in contaminated areas, as well as in infant formulas. The objective of this project was to evaluate the exposure level to F⁻ through milk in children living in an area with endemic hydrofluorosis. Methodology: The study included 110 children between 6 and 36 months of age from the municipality of Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. Water samples were collected from the homes, as well as samples of milk (maternal, formula, whole or raw), and urine. Measurements were made with a selective ion electrode. The exposure level of F⁻ for milk intake was calculated using the Oracle Crystal Ball package. Results: Levels greater than the reference level for DF were observed in infant formula reconstituted with public supply water, pasteurised cow's milk (whole) and untreated cow's milk treatment (raw) in the 90th, 70th, and 50th percentile, respectively, with a correlation being found between the levels of F⁻ in milk and F⁻ in urine (r = 0.41, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The identification of sources of F⁻ in the early stages of child development could reduce the risk of developing DF. Introducción: Diversos estudios han demostrado la presencia de fluorosis (FD) en la dentición primaria, lo que puede indicar una exposición a los fluoruros (F⁻) en la primera infancia. La leche materna se recomienda como alimento exclusivo hasta los 6 meses de edad. Aunque se menciona que solo una pequeña cantidad de F⁻ puede eliminarse por leche materna, estudios han demostrado la presencia de este elemento en leche de mujeres residentes de zonas contaminadas, así como en leche de fórmulas comerciales. El objetivo del proyecto fue evaluar la dosis de exposición a F⁻ a través de leche en niños residentes de una zona con hidrofluorosis endémica. Metodología: Un total de 110 niños de entre 6 y 36 meses de edad del municipio de Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México, participaron en el estudio. Se colectaron muestras de agua de los hogares, leche y orina. Las muestras se cuantificaron con el electrodo de ion selectivo. Se calculó la dosis de exposición a F⁻ a través del programa Oracle Crystal Ball. Resultados: Se observaron dosis superiores a la dosis de referencia para FD en la leche de fórmula reconstituida con agua de abastecimiento público, de vaca pasteurizada (entera) y de vaca sin tratamiento sanitario (cruda) en el percentil 90, 70 y 50, respectivamente, así como una correlación entre los niveles de F⁻ en leche y F⁻ en orina (r = 0,41; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: La identificación de fuentes de F⁻ en etapas tempranas del desarrollo infantil podría reducir el riesgo de presentar FD.

The pollution of water bodies has deteriorated the quality of freshwater and the health of the natural ecosystem. In the present study, the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the spatial and temporal contamination levels in Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, Mexico. Water quality was monitored at 27 different locations (monitoring points) in the dry season (April) and after the rainy season (November), measuring 21 physicochemical water parameters, 2 biological parameters, and 19 metal concentrations. The data analysis revealed that Yuriria Lake is a eutrophic water body. Six monitoring points exhibited a poor WQI (25–50) in April, and seven monitoring sites were classified as having poor water quality in November. The remaining monitoring points showed a WQI categorized as fair (51–70) in both periods. The present study analyzes an extensive distribution of monitoring points over the lake’s surface in two periods, showing a significant spatial and temporal representation of water quality. In addition, the major pollution sources identified include agricultural runoff and effluents from a nearby waterway and freshwater river. Finally, the key physicochemical parameters that determined the water quality were identified. BOD₅, NH₄⁺, P, orthophosphates, DO, conductivity, TSS, and color were linked to anthropogenic pollution sources, and Li, Ni, Zn, Cd, Ba, and Pb concentrations were linked to natural contamination sources. This study demonstrates the utility and versatility of these methodologies in water quality research, and it is the first spatial and temporal WQI analysis of Yuriria Lake.

Wild plants have detoxifying and protective properties. They reduce or neutralize the toxic effects caused by chemical agents and pollutants and have beneficial effects on the nutritional and health status. This research was conducted to complement a previous clinical intervention in which participants were exposed to high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water to discover similarities or differences in the pattern of fluoride (F⁻) excretion after supplementation with partial areas of purslane and quelite cenizo (SP-Q). The study was 4 weeks long, and it was carried out on a sample of 27 adolescents in an age range of 11–12 years. Anthropometric and dietary evaluations were performed, and the concentrations of fluoride (F⁻) in urine and drinking water were quantified using the potentiometric method with an ion-selective electrode. The treated group increased urinary F⁻ excretion after the first week (Baseline: 9.23 mg/g creatinine; Week 2: 0.73 mg/g creatinine), together with significant mobilization of F⁻ and a recovery process at the end of the intervention (Week 4: 0.52 mg/g creatinine). The supplement may act by increasing the excretion of F⁻ and the nutritional dietary conditions that contribute to mitigation and recovery in participants exposed to the contaminant while also managing access to drinking water.

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es una alteración del neurodesarrollo que afecta la impulsividad, la hiperactividad y la inatención. A pesar de que las causas de este trastorno son multifactoriales, en los últimos años se ha relacionado la exposición a distintos factores ambientales con el desarrollo del TDAH. Por ejemplo, la exposición prenatal al Flúor (F-) se ha relacionado con una disminución en el coeficiente intelectual, impulsividad y alteraciones en la memoria y la atención, principales síntomas del TDAH. Con el objetivo de identificar si el F- es un factor de riesgo en el desarrollo de sintomatología asociada al TDAH (impulsividad/hiperactividad e inatención), se midieron las concentraciones de fluoruros en orina de una población infantil de 52 niños de entre 6-10 años del municipio de Salamanca, Gto., y se aplicó el cuestionario de Conners en su versión para padres y para maestros para evaluar hiperactividad e inatención. La media de fluoruros en orina de la población de estudio fue de 0.9 ±0.4 mg/L. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas de los niveles de F- en orina entre aquellos niños que se identificaron con hiperactividad e inatención clínica de los que no (p>0.05). Aunque en el presente estudio, los niveles de F- en orina no superaron las guía la población de estudio y no se observó una relación con sintomatología de TDAH, se recomienda continuar con diferentes estudios para esclarecer otros factores de riesgo en la población.