The adipose tissue, regardless of its role in generating and storing energy, acts as a key player as an endocrine tissue, producing a wide scale of cytokines/hormones called adipokines. Adipokines such as leptin, resistin, visfatin and osteopontin own pro-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system in some cases. In contrast, some adipokines have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory impacts including adiponectin, omentin, and apelin. One of the key adipokines is adiponectin, the abundant peptide regulating hormone that is released mainly by adipocytes and cardiomyocytes as well as by endothelial and skeletal cells. It acts through two main receptors: AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, forming the “Adiponectin system” which effectively exerts its cellular mechanisms and responses in target cells. It regulates various metabolic processes, while adiponectin is the adipocyte hormone known for its cardioprotective impact in clinical and experimental research. It is also a well-effector metabolic adipokine, since weight loss or diet restriction show a link with rises in adiponectin concentrations, which is accompanied with increasing insulin sensitivity, glucose, and lipids-regulation via adiponectin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic actions. The high adiponectin level made it an attractive player in developing therapeutical treatments for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular disease. The elevated plasma levels of adiponectin are mostly attributed to its benefits on cardio-metabolism. In some cases, adiponectin has been paradoxically accompanied with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, so higher adiponectin concentration is a marker of poor prediction. Thus, the adiponectin system is attractive to researchers as a biomarker of heart disease advancement and a predictor of prognosis during the term of some cardiovascular diseases and its mechanical functions in Hypertension and diabetic patients. This review highlights the physiological roles of adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective hormone as well as how it plays as a biomarker and potential therapeutic tool in the cardiovascular system in adult, children, and adolescents. The adiponectin system may be seen as a rescue hormone aiding in remodeling of the cardiovascular system on both cellular and molecular levels. The paradox role of adiponectin relevant to cardiovascular mortality should be taken into consideration.

Biomedical electric devices provide great assistance for health and life quality. However, their maintainable need remains a serious issue for the restricted duration of energy storage. Therefore, scientists are investigating alternative technologies such as nanogenerators that could harvest the mechanical energy of the human heart to act as the main source of energy for the pacemaker. Cardiac contraction is not a source for circulation; it utilizes body energy as an alternative energy source to recharge pacemaker devices. This is a key biomedical innovation to protect patients’ lives from possible risks resulting from repeated surgery. A batteryless pacemaker is possible via an implantable energy collecting tool, exchanging the restriction of the current batteries for a sustainable self-energy resource technique. In this context, the physiology of heart energy in the preservation of blood distribution pulse generation and the effects of cardiac hormones on the heart’s pacemaker shall be outlined. In this review, we summarized different technologies for the implantable energy harvesters and self-powered implantable medical devices with emphasis on nanogenerator-based sensors for energy harvesting from cardiac contraction. It could conclude that recent hybrid bio-nanogenerator systems of both piezoelectric and triboelectric devices based on biocompatible biomaterials and clean energy are promising biomedical devices for harvesting energy from cardiac and body movement. These implantable and wearable nanogenerators become self-powered biomedical tools with high efficacy, durability, thinness, flexibility, and low cost. Although many studies have proven their safety, there is a need for their long-term biosafety and biocompatibility. A further note on the biocompatibility of bio-generator sensors shall be addressed.

The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the immune and endocrine systems by controlling thymic cell proliferation and differentiation. The gland is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for generating mature T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells, contributing to cellular immunity. Regarding humoral immunity, the thymic plasma cells almost exclusively secrete IgG1 and IgG3, the two main complement-fixing effector IgG subclasses. Deformity in the thymus can lead to inflammatory diseases. Hassall’s corpuscles’ epithelial lining produces thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which induces differentiation of CDs thymocytes into regulatory T cells within the thymus medulla. Thymic B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins and immunoregulating hormones, including thymosin. Modulation in T cell and naive T cells decrement due to thymus deformity induce alteration in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, resulting in multiple diseases. Influenza virus activates thymic CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes and a large amount of IFNγ. IFNs limit virus spread, enhance macrophages’ phagocytosis, and promote the natural killer cell restriction activity against infected cells. Th2 lymphocytes-produced cytokine IL-4 can bind to antiviral INFγ, decreasing the cell susceptibility and downregulating viral receptors. COVID-19 epitopes (S, M, and N proteins) with ≥90% identity to the SARS-CoV sequence have been predicted. These epitopes trigger immunity for antibodies production. Boosting the immune system by improving thymus function can be a therapeutic strategy for preventing virus-related diseases. This review aims to summarize the endocrine-immunoregulatory functions of the thymus and the underlying mechanisms in the prevention of COVID-19.

L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) functions as a chemotherapeutic enzyme with antitumor properties. It facilitates the degradation of L-asparagine (L-ASN), a vital amino acid required for the proliferation of tumor cells. In this study, we have isolated 177 L-ASNase-producing strains from the aquatic environment of the Arabian–Persian Gulf. The most potent isolate, ASP-J1-4, was an endophyte recovered from the seablite Suaeda maritima and was molecularly identified as B. xiamenensis (accession number PQ593941). The enzyme purified through DEAE-Sepharose displayed a molecular weight of 37 kDa based on the SDS-PAGE profile and lacked detectable L-glutaminase (L-GTNase) activity. Optimal enzyme activity was at 40 °C and pH 9.0, with stability at pH 7–9. The maximum stimulation effect was found in the presence of Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, and Na⁺ ions, respectively. The enzyme demonstrated a V_max of 35.71 U/mL and a K_m of 0.15 mM. Interestingly, ASP-J1-4 L-ASNase showed a dose-dependent inhibition against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) and cervical Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 15.42 µg/mL and 12.13 µg/mL, respectively. These findings collectively suggest a biocompatible, efficient, and robust enzyme for potential applications in tumor therapy after validation of in vivo studies and clinical trials. This study introduces the first deep screening program for L-ASNase-producing bacteria harboring in the Arabian–Persian Gulf region. In addition, it launches B. xiamenensis and other species as new sources of L-ASNase.