Objective: To investigate the possible effects of dietary, patient and stone related factors on the clinical course of the stone disease as well as the body and renal growth status of the infants. Patients and Methods: A total of 50 children with an history of stone disease during infancy period were studied. Patient (anatomical abnormalities, urinary tract infection - UTI, associated morbidities), stone (obstruction, UTI and required interventions) and lastly dietary (duration of sole breast feeding, formula feeding) related factors which may affect the clinical course of the disease were all evaluated for their effects on the body and renal growth during long-term follow-up. Results: Mean age of the children was 2.40 ± 2.65 years. Our findings demonstrated that infants receiving longer period of breast feeding without formula addition seemed to have a higher rate of normal growth percentile values when compared with the other children. Again, higher frequency of UTI and stone attacks affected the growth status of the infants in a remarkable manner than the other cases. Our findings also demonstrated that thorough a close follow-up and appropriately taken measures; the possible growth retardation as well as renal growth problems could be avoided in children beginning to suffer from stone disease during infancy period. Conclusions: Duration of breast feeding, frequency of UTI, number of stone attacks and stone removal procedures are crucial factors for the clinical course of stone disease in infants that may affect the body as well as kidney growth during long-term follow-up.

Introduction: Gleason Score (GS) upgrading rates in the literature are reported to be around 33-45%. The relationship between prostate volume and GS upgrading should be defined, aiming to reduce upgrading rates in patients with low risk groups who are eligible for active surveillance (AS) or minimally invasive treatment, by varying biopsy cores, or lengths of cores according to prostate volumes. In this regard, the aim of our study was to establish the relationship between prostate volume and GS upgrading. Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 78 patients, who were appropriate for AS between 2011-2016 at our hospital. Inclusion criteria were patient age under 65 years, PSA level under 10 ng/ml, GS (3 + 3) or (3 + 4), and 3 or less positive cores, clinical stages ≤ T2. GS increase in radical prostatectomy specimen was considered as 'upgrading' and in addition, score reported by biopsy as 3 + 4 but in surgical specimen as 4 + 3 were also considered as 'upgrading'. The effect of prostate volume on Gleason grade upgrading was examined by calculating upgrading rates separately for patients with prostate volume 30 ml or less, those with 30 to 60 ml, and those over 60 ml. Results: As a result of the analysis of the data, upgrading was seen in 35 (44.8%) of 78 patients included in the study. In the cohort mean prostate volume was 49.8 (± 26.3) ml. Twenty-two patients (28.2%) had prostate volume 30 ml or less, 34 (43.6%) 30 to 60 ml, and 22 (28.2%) 60 ml or more. The patients were divided into two groups as those with and without GS upgrading. Between the groups prostate volume and prostate volume range (0-30/31-60/> 60) were not significantly different (p value > 0.05). Conclusions: Gleason grade upgrading causes patients to be classified in a lower risk group than they actually are, and may lead to inappropriate treatment. This condition has a direct effect on the decision of active surveillance. Therefore, it is important to define the factors that can predict GS upgrading in active surveillance appropriate patients. In this study, we found that prostate volume has no significant effect on upgrading in active surveillance appropriate patients.

Objective: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common problem and severely impairs the quality of life (QoL). We aimed to investigate the effects of different treatment options on voiding symptoms and QoL in patients with urinary phenotype according to the UPOINT system. Matherial and methods: Ninety-six patients with NIH category II,III CP/CPPS were included in the study prospectively. After the diagnosis, the questionnaires including NIH Chronic prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Overactive Bladder Screening Questionnaire (OAB-V8), and Beck depression inventory were filled by the patients. The patients with urinary phenotype were treated by alpha-blocker, antimuscarinic or both therapy modalities (combined) considering the specific therapy recommendations by UPOINT. The questionnaires applied on the first visit were reapplied after one month and treatment success was evaluated. Results: Seventy-three patients were included in ‘Urinary phenotype’ group (76%) and 23 were included in ‘other phenotypes’ (24%) group of the patients according to the UPOINT classification. Significant improvements of symptoms were observed with the all treatment modalities when the NIH-CPSI, IPSS and OAB-V8 scores were compared before and after treatment in the ‘Urinary phenotype’ group. Significant differences in the percentage of change in values were obtained in the anticholinergic group for pain subdomain of NIH-CPSI and IPSS scores.Conclusion: U-POINT clasification is useful for deciding on the treatment modality in CP/CPSS patients. We showed anticholinergic therapy might be effective option. Addition to the symptomatic recovery, there is need more further studies about effectivity cholinergic system in the prostate tissue.

This controlled study assessed whether there was a correlation between serum total testosterone levels and bladder cancer (BCa) in terms of tumor grade and stage as objective measures in adult men....