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A shortage of land for waste disposal is one of the serious problems that faces urban areas in developing countries. The Sulaimaniyah Governorate, located in the north of Iraq, is one of the major cities in the Kurdistan Region of the country, covering an area of 2400 km2 with a population of 856,990 in 2016. Currently, there is no landfill site in the study area that meets scientific and environmental criteria, and inappropriate solid waste dumping is causing negative environmental impacts. The process of landfill site selection is considered a complex process and is restricted by numerous factors and regulations. This paper proposes multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods in a model for landfill site decision. The model assumes the input of two groups of factors that need to satisfy the optimal values of weight coefficients. These groups of constants are natural factors and artificial factors, and they included thirteen selected criteria: slope, geology, land use, urban area, villages, rivers, groundwater, slope, elevation, soil, geology, road, oil and gas, land use, archaeology and power lines. The criteria were used in the geographic information system (GIS), which has a high capacity to process and analyze various data. In addition, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods followed by the weighted linear combination (WLC) method were used to derive criteria weightings using a matrix of pair-wise comparison. Finally, all the multi criteria decision methods were combined to obtain an intersection of the suitability index map for candidate landfill sites. Seven appropriate sites for landfill were suggested, all of which satisfied the scientific and environmental criteria which were adopted in this study.
Karwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue; Ali Chabuk. Landfill Site Selection Using MCDM Methods and GIS in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4530 .
AMA StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi, Salahalddin S. Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Jan Laue, Ali Chabuk. Landfill Site Selection Using MCDM Methods and GIS in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4530.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue; Ali Chabuk. 2019. "Landfill Site Selection Using MCDM Methods and GIS in the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4530.
Rapid growth in urbanized areas is a worldwide phenomenon. The rate of urban growth is very fast in developing countries like Iraq. This study illustrated urbanized area development in Sulaimaniyah Governorate from 2001 to 2017 using different Landsat imagery, Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI). The Environment for visualizing images ENVI 5.3 and GIS software was utilized for image pre-processing, calibration and classification. The Maximum likelihood method was used in the accurately extracted solution information from geospatial Landsat satellite imagery of different periods. The Landsat images from the study area were categorized into six different classes. These are: forest, vegetation, rock, soil, built up and water body. Land cover variation and land use change detection in the area were calculated for over a 17 year period. The Change detection Analysis shows an explosive demographic shift in the urban area with a record of +8.99% which is equivalent to 51.80 km2 over a 17 years period and the vegetation area increased with 214 km2. On the other hand, soil area was reduced by 257.87 km2. This work will help urban planners in the future development of the city.
Karwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue. Land Use Classification and Change Detection Using Multi-temporal Landsat Imagery in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications 2018, 117 -120.
AMA StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi, Salahalddin S. Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Jan Laue. Land Use Classification and Change Detection Using Multi-temporal Landsat Imagery in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications. 2018; ():117-120.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue. 2018. "Land Use Classification and Change Detection Using Multi-temporal Landsat Imagery in Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq." Advances in Remote Sensing and Geo Informatics Applications , no. : 117-120.
Land use & land cover change detection in rapid growth urbanized area have been studied by many researchers and there are many works on this topic. Commonly, settlement sprawl in area depends on many factors such as eco-nomic prosperity and population growth. Iraq is one of the countries which witnessed rapid development in the settlement area. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) are analytical software technologies to evaluate this familiar worldwide phenomenon. This study illustrates settlement development in Sulaimaniyah Governorate from 2001 to 2017 using Landsat satellite imageries of different periods. All images had been classified using remote sensing software in order to proceed powerful mapping of land use classification. Maximum likelihood method is used in the accurately extracted solution information from geospatial imagery. Landsat images from the study area were categorized into four different classes. These are: forest, vegetation, soil, and settlement. Change detection analysis results illustrate that in the face of an explosive demographic shift in the settlement area where the record + 8.99 percent which is equivalent to 51.80 Km2 over a 16-year period and settlement area increasing from 3.87 percent in 2001 to 12.86 percent in 2017. Accuracy assessment model was used to evaluate (LULC) classified images. Accuracy results show an overall accuracy of 78.83% to 90.09% from 2001 to 2017 respectively while convincing results of Kappa coefficient given between substantial and almost perfect agreements. This study will help decision-makers in urban plan for future city development.
Karwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue. Evaluation of Land Use & Land Cover Change Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery: A Case Study Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Geographic Information System 2018, 10, 247 -260.
AMA StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi, Salahalddin S. Ali, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Jan Laue. Evaluation of Land Use & Land Cover Change Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery: A Case Study Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq. Journal of Geographic Information System. 2018; 10 (03):247-260.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarwan Alkaradaghi; Salahalddin S. Ali; Nadhir Al-Ansari; Jan Laue. 2018. "Evaluation of Land Use & Land Cover Change Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Imagery: A Case Study Sulaimaniyah Governorate, Iraq." Journal of Geographic Information System 10, no. 03: 247-260.