Background: Several studies on interprofessional education (IPE) explored student's knowledge acquisition, teamwork skills and collaborative behaviours. However, the approaches to teaching and learning IPE remain underresearched and reported especially at the postgraduate level. This systematic review aimed to establish how IPE has been implemented at the postgraduate level among different health professions, focusing on teaching and learning approaches. Methods: The systematic review was conducted in 2022–2025. It utilized three carefully identified databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library. Publications were included after being screened based on a clear protocol and preidentified eligibility criteria. The research team used CADIMA software to screen articles published from 2010 to 2025. Results: Thirty‐seven articles were considered in this systematic review. These articles were mainly from the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Various educational approaches and a wide variety of tools were utilized to deliver IPE among health professionals at the postgraduate level. Yet, the findings indicated that simulation was at the top of the used approaches. This systematic review also revealed that IPE activities at the postgraduate level need to be focused more on interprofessional role learning and dual identity development. Conclusions: The evidence synthesized in the current systematic review reveals that educators prefer simulation to deliver IPE activities. Yet, the evidence calls for more focused planning for IPE activities at the postgraduate level to advance IPE delivery and ensure targeting immersion and mastery levels of IPE development.

Introduction: Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable diseases worldwide, including cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disorders. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of smoking has been increasing, particularly among men and adolescents. However, limited research has focused on the...

Hypertension is a chronic condition that represents a global burden across the world. The burden of hypertension is found to be particularly high in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia. This study was undertaken to measure the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors. An assessment of the impact of hypertension is required to alleviate/reduce the comorbidities and complications associated with hypertension in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 14,239 individuals in Saudi Arabia. A valid and reliable questionnaire was administered after randomly selecting study participants from 48 primary healthcare centers. Univariate analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between independent variables and hypertension. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Multivariate logistic regression was used to establish the major associated factors of hypertension among Saudi citizens. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was presented for each of the adjusted odds ratios (AORs). It was found that 11.1% of research participants reported having hypertension. Compared to younger participants of < 50 years, those who are 50 to 75 years old are two times more likely to be hypertensive (AOR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.68, 2.50). Compared to employed Saudi residents, unemployed residents were 1.43 times more likely to be hypertensive (AOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.65). The odds of hypertension were higher by 1.73 times among obese than non-obese individuals (95% CI: 1.33, 2.25). Individuals with heart disease were 3.72 times more likely to suffer from hypertension than individuals without heart disease (95% CI: 2.84, 4.88). Similarly, those with high cholesterol levels were 8.37 times more likely to have hypertension than those with low cholesterol levels (95% CI: 6.94, 10.09). Diabetic individuals were 10.45 times more likely to develop hypertension than non-diabetic individuals (95% CI: 8,87, 12.30). The prevalence of hypertension found in the current study was 11.1%. Older age, unemployment, insurance coverage, obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and high blood cholesterol were associated with high blood pressure in this study. The findings of this study suggest that researchers and policymakers should target modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of hypertension among Saudi residents.

Background: The global shortage of nurses is a pressing issue affecting healthcare quality and patient outcomes. Nurse turnover is driven by work-related stress, and job dissatisfaction is persistent. In Saudi Arabia, many diploma-prepared nurses need more bridging programs to convert their diplomas into bachelor’s degrees. Educational and organizational issues can limit the provision of quality nursing care. Differences in educational preparation influence nurses’ interpretations of patient safety and their roles within healthcare systems. Addressing the need for more policies and regulations regarding nurse turnover and the retention of diploma-prepared nurses is crucial. Thus, a comprehensive exploration of barriers and incentives for diploma-prepared nurses to complete their Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) can lead to transformative institutional strategies, such as tuition compensation and clinical-academic collaborations. This study aims to fill this gap by understanding the current challenges, future trends, and solutions from stakeholders’ perspectives and developing tailored career pathways for diploma-prepared Nurses from the stakeholders’ perspective. Thus, it contributes to policy development and improved healthcare delivery and fosters a promising future for healthcare. Methods: This qualitative study employed a thematic analysis and grounded theory methodology as we delved into stakeholders’ perspectives to generate a substantive framework for overcoming obstacles and cultivating tailored career pathways for diploma-prepared nurses. A purposive sampling technique was used to choose participants, ensuring their rich, relevant, and diverse information based on their expertise, experience, and ability to provide valuable insights. Data were collected using one-on-one semi-structured questions for in-depth interviews. Results: Our findings revealed key concepts that were evident in the data. These concepts formed three main themes and several subthemes essential to understanding the current status of, challenges faced by, and career pathways for diploma-prepared nurses. The three main themes have emerged, and core categories have emerged under each theme accordingly. The results generated a practical framework, offering tangible solutions to overcome challenges and develop career pathways for diploma-prepared nurses. Conclusions: The findings significantly affect policy development and healthcare delivery improvement. This suggests the need for policies that support diploma-prepared nurses in completing their BSN and the development of tailored career pathways that align with their educational background and career goals and the Kingdom’s 2030 Vision.

Background Researchers have examined the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia and the Kingdom 2030 Vision and highlighted that several issues challenge the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia in terms of nursing shortages, underdeveloped nursing education, and undistinguishable scope of practice. It was highlighted that when viewed within the context of 2030, it is thus clear that there is an urgent demand for policy maker to improve nursing care in Saudi Arabia by attending to the nursing shortage, generating strategies to enhance nursing education, and establishing the scope of practice guidelines. Therefore, retention of diploma-prepared nurses is an urgent matter as well, with the notion of the vast numbers in the nursing workforce. Although the experiences of diploma-prepared nurses have been described in the literature, there is a lack of evidence to support the job career paths for nurses and the retention of diploma nurses in Saudi Arabia. Understanding the current challenges and future trends, and solutions from the stakeholders’ perspective is a critical first step that will retain diploma-prepared nurses in the profession and ultimately lead policymakers to formulate policies to address these issues. Objective to generate an empirically derived substantive framework to overcome challenges and develop tailored career pathways for diploma-prepared Nurses from the stakeholders’ perspective. Methods Thematic analysis qualitative study and grounded theory method will be employed to produce a detailed description and theoretical analysis of the challenges and future of diploma-prepared nurses. Results Several themes emerged, and results generated an empirically derived substantive framework to overcome challenges and develop tailored career pathways for diploma-prepared Nurses from the stakeholders’ perspective. Conclusion The generated framework will indirectly enhance the delivery of quality healthcare, as it will stimulate the development and implementation of career path programs to promote a better quality of healthcare delivery for patients.