Background: 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is extensively utilized as an ultraviolet (UV) filter in sunscreens due to its ability to block harmful UV radiation. However, growing concerns exist regarding its environmental persistence and bioaccumulative potential, which may pose significant risks to human health. This study aims to systematically investigate the environmental and health impacts of 4‑MBC, with a focus on its potential roles in carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. This study aims to systematically investigate the environmental and health impacts of 4-MBC, with a focus on its potential roles in carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases. Results: Using network toxicology and molecular docking approaches, we explored the interactions between 4‑MBC and key molecular targets relevant to these diseases, specifically AKT1, ESR1, HDAC1, and MYC. Our results indicate that 4‑MBC may disrupt biological pathways involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby interfering with cellular mechanisms underlying cancer progression and the onset of neurodegenerative conditions. Conclusions: This study suggests that 4‑MBC represents a notable environmental health risk, underscoring the need to update current regulations and public health policies to mitigate its impacts. These findings advocate for further research into safer UV filters and highlight the importance of monitoring and managing environmental contaminants that compromise human health.