The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in shaping immunometabolism in prostate cancer, influencing disease progression and therapeutic response. This review examines the dynamic interactions between tumor cells and immune cells within the prostate cancer TME, focusing on how metabolic reprogramming of both tumor and immune cells drives immunosuppression. Key immune players, including T-cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, undergo metabolic adaptations influenced by hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and signaling from tumor cells. Additionally, we discuss the metabolic pathways involved, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and how these processes are exploited by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. Furthermore, this review highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting immunometabolism, including metabolic inhibitors and their combination with immunotherapies. A deeper understanding of the complex role of immunometabolism in prostate cancer will not only provide insights into the tumor’s immune evasion mechanisms but also facilitate the development of novel treatment approaches that enhance the efficacy of current therapies.

This study presents a comprehensive single-cell and spatial transcriptomic atlas of prostate cancer progression, integrating 127 single-cell RNA sequencing

Background: Penile melanoma (PM) is an exceptionally rare and aggressive mucosal melanoma. Currently, it remains poorly understood, and no dedicated clinical guidelines have been established. This study aimed to characterize its clinical features and summarize its treatment options through our original case reports and a contemporary literature review. Case presentation: We present three cases of our medical center, all of whom underwent surgical treatment and were pathologically diagnosed with primary penile melanoma. The first case also underwent postoperative genetic testing and subsequent chemotherapy and achieved a marked reduction of lymph node metastasis. In terms of prognosis, two of them died of progression and one of other diseases. Our literature review subsequently analyzed 27 additional reported cases of PM, which mainly affects middle-aged and older men, with typical manifestations being pigmented patches or nodules on the glans or foreskin. Surgical treatment (local or partial penectomy) was the primary option. Adjuvant therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are commonly used to prevent recurrence, and emerging novel treatments are being evaluated in clinical trials, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies targeting genes such as KIT. Conclusion: Penile melanoma, as a rare but threatening malignancy, requires a personalized management strategy. A reasonable surgical plan should be made to ensure complete resection, with growing evidence supporting the integration of systemic therapies. Further case reports and clinical research are essential to establish standardized protocols.