The aim of this work was to study the newly developed biofertilizer and plant growth-promoting activity of a consortium of bacterial strains Azotobacter chroococcum MDC 6111, Paenibacillus polymyxa MDC 280 and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium leguminosarum MDC 5609, Mesorhizobium ciceri MDC 6048 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum MDC 5789. It should be noted that in the biofertilizer formula, the strains A. chroococcum and P. polymyxa are unaltered components, and the nodule bacteria are included depending on the type of crop, taking into account the specificity of these bacteria to plants. In this case, both the nitrogen-fixing capacity and the phosphate-mobilizing activity of these bacteria were taken into account. It was found that the increase in the organic layer content from 2.73 to 5.79% occurs with the active participation of microbial strains introduced into the soil. During the plant growth period, an increase in mobile nitrogen forms (NO₃^-) to 71.9 mg-eq/100 g and soil saturation with molecular nitrogen to 16.2 mg/100 g were detected. A decrease in the content of phosphorus salts (Р₂О₅, РО₄^3-) and potassium (K⁺) to 2.86, 3.82 and 5.86 mg-eq/100 g, respectively, was shown. Thus, the content of the immobile form of potassium (K₂O) decreases approximately 3 times, and the amount of immobile phosphorus (P₂O₅) - 3.63 times. These processes in the soil are due to the active activity of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, as well as the use of these ions by plants. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content increases by 2.38 times, and its mineralized form - NO₃^- by 3.0 times, respectively. As a result of the field experiments, it was found that the tested soil rhizobacteria actively adhere to seeds and seedlings, spreading in the rhizosphere of plants, contributing to the effective action of the biopreparation, thereby fixing more nitrogen. Microorganisms in the process of metabolism increase the efficiency of obtaining soluble salts of phosphorus, potassium and calcium by plants. In general, it was found that joint inoculation of rhizobacteria strains demonstrated higher growth parameters and plant biomass, and crop ripening is achieved 12-20 days earlier compared to the control options. The use of biopreparation in agriculture allows to improve the content of the organic component of the soil, thereby contributing to the restoration of the ecological balance of the soil.

The biomass of the unicellular green microalga Parachlorella kessleri is considered as one of the valuable sources of easily digestible protein, polysaccharides, pigments, and high-molecular fatty acids in the composition of synthesized lipids. The quality and quantity of these compounds vary based on intraspecific differences in strains, as well as growing conditions. Nitrogen is one of the most critical nutrients affecting cell growth and biochemical composition of microalgae, ultimately determining the lipid productivity for biofuels. In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen sources on newly isolated microalga Parachlorella kessleri MDC 6524 cell growth, lipid synthesis, and fatty acid composition, the strain was simultaneously grown on wastewater-simulating nutrient medium with and without a nitrogen source in bubble column photobioreactors. After 14 days of cultivation in the medium devoid of nitrogen sources, the total fatty acid content was 31.2% of the dry weight of the biomass, while in the medium rich in nitrogen sources, the fatty acid content was only 12.5%. Two methods for producing biodiesel were investigated: (i) lipid extraction followed by transesterification and (ii) direct transesterification from algal biomass. As a result, lipid extraction followed by transesterification increased biodiesel yield (per unit of biomass) by 1.2 times compared to the direct transesterification method. However, the direct transesterification method is significantly less time-consuming. Despite this advantage, the method has some limitations due to the interaction of lipids with the acid catalyst used in the process.

Air pollution is increasingly recognized as an important environmental factor associated with immune dysfunction and disease susceptibility. This narrative review critically synthesizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which airborne pollutants may alter immune homeostasis and influence adaptive resilience. Particular attention is given to particulate, gaseous, semi-volatile, and biologically derived pollutants, including particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metals, wildfire smoke, pollen, and microbial aerosols. The reviewed evidence indicates that pollutant exposure can induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, epithelial barrier injury, inflammatory signaling, epigenetic alterations, and dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune-cell functions. These responses are highly context-dependent and vary according to pollutant composition, concentration, exposure duration, co-exposures, experimental model, and host susceptibility. Human, animal, and in vitro findings further suggest that persistent exposure may impair pathogen defense and alter macrophage, dendritic-cell, neutrophil, T-cell, and regulatory T-cell responses, while epidemiological evidence associates air-pollution exposure with increased susceptibility to infectious, allergic, respiratory, cardiovascular, and selected immune-mediated outcomes. The review also highlights the importance of the exposome, indoor and outdoor exposure environments, pollutant mixtures, and the gut-lung axis in shaping individual vulnerability. In addition, adaptive mechanisms involving antioxidant signaling, autophagy, epithelial repair, immune regulation, and microbiome-associated responses may initially support resilience but may become insufficient under persistent or high-intensity exposure. By integrating pollutant characteristics, target cells, molecular pathways, immune outcomes, and study systems, this review proposes a multidimensional framework for interpreting the potential transition from protective adaptation to maladaptive immune dysregulation and identifies priorities for future mechanistic, translational, and preventive research. Clinical trial registration: Not applicable. This study is a narrative review and does not report on a clinical trial.

The present study investigates the effectiveness of microbiological preparations in enhancing growth and productivity of key agricultural crops, including barley, maize, sunflower, and root crops (table beet, sugar beet, and potato) under field conditions. The experimental design included four replicates per treatment, with statistical analysis. For maize, the application of microbial consortia resulted in significant improvements in biometric and yield parameters compared to the untreated control. The most pronounced effect was observed with Preparation No.1 ( Azotobacter chroococcum MDC 6111 in combination with Pseudomonas tritici MDC 9168), which increased plant height by 31.4%, ear mass by 63.2%, and 1000-grain weight by 35.1%, corresponding to a total yield increase of 35.1%. In sunflowers, similar trends were detected. Preparation No.1 led to a 24.8% increase in plant height and a 56.1% increase in 1000-seed weight. Preparation No.3 ( Azotobacter chroococcum MDC 6111) also demonstrated a notable positive effect (yield increase of 42.3%), while Preparation No.2 (commercial mineral fertilizer “Nitroammophoska”) showed only marginal improvement. Regarding root crops, Preparation No.1 markedly enhanced productivity. In table beet, yield reached 14.51 ± 0.91 kg/10 m ² versus 5.89 ± 0.42 kg/10 m ² in the control. Sugar beet yield increased by 2.4-fold, and potato yield by 27.9%. Preparation No.2 showed moderate effectiveness in beets. These findings emphasizing the role of rhizosphere microorganisms in nutrient mobilization, hormonal regulation, and stress resistance. The study supports the use of microbial inoculants, particularly Preparation No.1, as a sustainable tool to improve crop productivity in diverse agroecosystems.

Introduction: Photodynamic therapy is a safe and low-invasive technology that uses photosensitizers and specific light sources to treat malignant tumors. However, conventional photodynamic therapy faces challenges, such as low photosensitizer uptake by tumors and the tumor microenvironment. To enhance the effectiveness of traditional photodynamic therapy, a nanomaterial-based enzyme-mediated approach was developed. Ceruloplasmin (CP), a coppercontaining protein involved in angiogenesis and antitumor activity, was combined with Fotoditazin® as a photosensitizer and loaded into inorganic particles as carriers. Methods: For photosensitizer complex encapsulation, initial calcium carbonate (vaterite) particles were prepared by the coprecipitation method and characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The obtained particles were loaded with photosensitizer-based complex (Fotoditazin® + CP) using freezing-induced loading. The extinction and fluorescence spectra of the complex were measured. To explore (Fotoditazin® + CP) complex photobleaching dynamics, UV/Vis spectrophotometry was used. For the possible application of obtained particles as a drug delivery system (Fotoditazin® + CP), complex release was also investigated. Results: Our results demonstrate that а Fotoditazin® complex with ceruloplasmin was successfully obtained in 0.9% NaCl under pH 7.4-6.2 conditions. It was revealed that irradiation of the obtained complex with a Red-Blue LED for 30 minutes in 0.9% NaCl at pH 7.4-6.2 causes photobleaching without destroying the complex. Furthermore, to prepare a controlled drug delivery system, we synthesized vaterite particles as carriers and loaded them with the obtained complex. It was found that 86.94% of Fotoditazin® in the complex with ceruloplasmin was loaded into vaterite microparticles. Moreover, the complete release of Fotoditazin® encapsulated as a complex with ceruloplasmin from vaterite microparticles incubated in water occurred after 48 hours. Discussion: The study demonstrates that the (Fotoditazin® + CP) complex interacts with proteins and shows pH-sensitive behavior, making it effective for targeted drug delivery in photodynamic therapy. Calcium carbonate-based microparticles, due to their biocompatibility and responsiveness to acidic environments, are promising carriers for controlled release of photosensitizers in tumor tissues. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a new photosensitizer-based complex with ceruloplasmin to improve photodynamic therapy efficacy. The obtained complex was loaded into vaterite carriers using freezing-induced loading. The application of such drug delivery systems aims to improve the targeted release of photosensitizers at therapeutic doses with minimal side effects.

Glycoglycerolipids are amphiphilic compounds found in thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants, attracting interest for their therapeutic potential, especially anticancer applications. They interact with biological molecules and show anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. Among them, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) inhibits cancer cell proliferation through DNA polymerase inhibition, kinesin repression, and T-cell activation. While plant sources are well studied, microalgal MGDGs remain understudied. This work isolated, purified, and characterized MGDGs from the green microalgae Ch. vulgaris and N. oleoabundans and evaluated their anticancer activity. Microalgae were cultured in a photobioreactor, lipids were extracted and MGDGs purified by chromatography. HPLC and NMR confirmed their profiles. In MTT assays, microalgal MGDGs markedly reduced MCF-7 cell viability, with stronger effects when combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid, while parsley MGDG showed moderate activity. These findings highlight the strong anticancer potential of microalgal MGDGs.