We evaluated the effects of early maternal deprivation (MD; age 7–14 days) alone or in combination with unpredictable chronic stress (UCS; MDUN; 28–84 days) on anxiety and learning in 90 days old adult rats. We hypothesized that exposure to both stressors (MDUN) would be more detrimental than exposure to one or neither. Unexpectedly, adult rats from the MDUN group did not differ from control animals, whereas adult MD animals exhibited impaired avoidance learning. We next investigated the effect of juvenile-onset (30–90 days) versus adult-onset (60–90 days) stress on avoidance learning in adulthood (90 days). We found that adult-onset chronic stress impaired avoidance learning and memory whereas juvenile-onset stress did not. Thus, the results again indicate that juvenile exposure to UCS induces resilience rather than impairment.

The present study examined sexting habits (sending text messages, as well as nude or semi-nude photos, and/or requesting the same from others) among adolescents, as reported by 458 students (101 boys, 357 girls), with the aim of investigating whether and how sexting correlates with parenting styles and manifestations of parental social control. An online link was published on social media, asking participants who meet the research criteria to complete several questionnaires. About 30% of the participants reported sending sexual messages, and almost 32% reported that others, mainly strangers, asked them to send nude or semi-nude photos. Furthermore, sexting was more common among high-school students than among middle-school students, and asking another person to send nude or semi-nude photos was more common among boys than among girls. Lower parental social control was related to increased likelihood of sexting, and higher perception of permissive parenting style was associated with asking someone else to send nude or semi-nude photos. These findings shed light on sexting among adolescents in Israel. Moreover, the findings show that adolescents do not report sexting either to parents or to other significant adults in their lives, such as teachers or other educational staff at school. The article concludes with implications for educators and educational counselors in view of these findings.

Compassion fatigue is common among counselors who are exposed to the ongoing trauma of students and families at times of distress and crisis. The aim of this study was to examine compassion fatigue, perceived stress, optimism and emotional distress among school counselors among 139 Israeli school counselors. The results indicated that compassion fatigue correlates positively both with perceived stress and with emotional distress and negatively with optimism. Levels of compassion fatigue were higher among Israeli school counselors working in elementary school than among those working in high school. Perceived stress mediated the association between compassion fatigue and emotional distress. The findings indicate that the personal resources available to helpers as well as vulnerability factors may affect levels of compassion fatigue and emotional distress. .