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In recent decades, the alteration of coastal food webs (via aquaculture, fishing, and leisure activities), nutrient loading, and an expansion of monitoring programs have prompted an apparent worldwide rise in Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs). Over this time, a parallel increase in HABs has also been observed in the Chilean southern austral region (Patagonia fjords). HAB species like Alexandrium catenella—responsible for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)—are of great public concern due to their negative socioeconomic impacts and significant northward geographical range expansion. Many toxic dinoflagellate species (like A. catenella) produce benthic resting cysts, yet a holistic understanding of the physical-chemical and biological conditions influencing the distributions of cysts in this region is lacking. In this study, we measured a combination of hydrographic (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) and sediment physical-chemical properties (temperature, pH and redox potential), in addition to meiofaunal abundances –as sediment bioturbators and potential cyst predators– to determine the factors influencing dinoflagellate cyst distribution, with emphasis on A. catenella in and around a “hotspot” area of southern Chile. An analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) test revealed significant differences (p < 0.011) in cyst assemblages between the fjords and oceanic environments. Permutational Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) showed significant effects of sediment temperature and silt proportion in explaining differences in the cyst assemblages. A generalized linear model (GLM) indicated that sediment temperature, silt/sand, anoxic conditions, and low abundances of Harpacticoida —a meiofauna herbivore group and potential bioturbator— are associated with the higher resting cyst abundances of the harmful species A. catenella. The implications for A. catenella resting cysts dynamics are discussed, highlighting physical-chemical and biological interactions and their potential for PSP outbreak initiation.
Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas; Matthew R. Lee; Pablo Salgado; Rosa I. Figueroa; Ángela Baldrich; Iván Pérez-Santos; Stephen J. Tomasetti; Edwin Niklitschek; Manuel Díaz; Gonzalo Álvarez; Sandra L. Marín; Miriam Seguel; Laura Farías; Patricio A. Díaz. Drivers of dinoflagellate benthic cyst assemblages in the NW Patagonian Fjords System and its adjacent oceanic shelf, with a focus on harmful species. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 785, 147378 .
AMA StyleCamilo Rodríguez-Villegas, Matthew R. Lee, Pablo Salgado, Rosa I. Figueroa, Ángela Baldrich, Iván Pérez-Santos, Stephen J. Tomasetti, Edwin Niklitschek, Manuel Díaz, Gonzalo Álvarez, Sandra L. Marín, Miriam Seguel, Laura Farías, Patricio A. Díaz. Drivers of dinoflagellate benthic cyst assemblages in the NW Patagonian Fjords System and its adjacent oceanic shelf, with a focus on harmful species. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 785 ():147378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilo Rodríguez-Villegas; Matthew R. Lee; Pablo Salgado; Rosa I. Figueroa; Ángela Baldrich; Iván Pérez-Santos; Stephen J. Tomasetti; Edwin Niklitschek; Manuel Díaz; Gonzalo Álvarez; Sandra L. Marín; Miriam Seguel; Laura Farías; Patricio A. Díaz. 2021. "Drivers of dinoflagellate benthic cyst assemblages in the NW Patagonian Fjords System and its adjacent oceanic shelf, with a focus on harmful species." Science of The Total Environment 785, no. : 147378.
Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata are associated with lipophilic toxins in Southern Chile. Blooms of the two species coincided during summer 2019 in a highly stratified fjord system (Puyuhuapi, Chilean Patagonia). High vertical resolution measurements of physical parameters were carried out during 48 h sampling to i) explore physiological status (e.g., division rates, toxin content) and ii) illustrate the fine scale distribution of D. acuta and D. acuminata populations with a focus on water column structure and co-occurring plastid-bearing ciliates. The species-specific resources and regulators defining the realized niches (sensu Hutchinson) of the two species were identified. Differences in vertical distribution, daily vertical migration and in situ division rates (with record values, 0.76 d−1, in D. acuta), in response to the environmental conditions and potential prey availability, revealed their niche differences. The Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis showed that the realized niche of D. acuta (cell maximum 7 × 103 cells L−1 within the pycnocline) was characterized by sub-surface estuarine waters (salinity 23 – 25), lower values of turbulence and PAR, and a narrow niche breath. In contrast, the realized niche of D. acuminata (cell maximum 6.8 × 103 cells L−1 just above the pycnocline) was characterized by fresher (salinity 17 – 20) outflowing surface waters, with higher turbulence and light intensity and a wider niche breadth. Results from OMI and PERMANOVA analyses of co-occurring microplanktonic ciliates were compatible with the hypothesis of species such as those from genera Pseudotontonia and Strombidium constituting an alternative ciliate prey to Mesodinium. The D. acuta cell maximum was associated with DSP (OA and DTX-1) toxins and pectenotoxins; that of D. acuminata only with pectenotoxins. Results presented here contribute to a better understanding of the environmental drivers of species-specific blooms of Dinophysis and management of their distinct effects in Southern Chile.
Ángela M. Baldrich; Iván Pérez-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; Beatriz Reguera; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Facundo Barrera; Stéphane Karasiewicz; Patricio A. Díaz. Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord. Harmful Algae 2021, 103, 102010 .
AMA StyleÁngela M. Baldrich, Iván Pérez-Santos, Gonzalo Álvarez, Beatriz Reguera, Concepción Fernández-Pena, Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Facundo Barrera, Stéphane Karasiewicz, Patricio A. Díaz. Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord. Harmful Algae. 2021; 103 ():102010.
Chicago/Turabian StyleÁngela M. Baldrich; Iván Pérez-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; Beatriz Reguera; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Facundo Barrera; Stéphane Karasiewicz; Patricio A. Díaz. 2021. "Niche differentiation of Dinophysis acuta and D. acuminata in a stratified fjord." Harmful Algae 103, no. : 102010.
Dinophysis acuta produces diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX). It blooms in thermally-stratified shelf waters in late summer in temperate to cold temperate latitudes. Despite its major contribution to shellfish harvesting bans, little effort has been devoted to study its population dynamics in Chilean Patagonia. In 2017–2018, mesoscale distribution of harmful algal species (75 monitoring stations) revealed the initiation (late spring) and seasonal growth of a dense D. acuta population in the Aysén region, with maximal values at Puyuhuapi Fjord (PF). Vertical phytoplankton distribution and fine-resolution measurements of physical parameters along a 25-km transect in February 16th identified a 15-km (horizontal extension) subsurface thin layer of D. acuta from 4 to 8 m depth. This layer, disrupted at the confluence of PF with the Magdalena Sound, peaked at the top of the pycnocline (6 m, 15.9 °C, 23.4 psu) where static stability was maximal. By February 22nd, it deepened (8 m, 15.5 °C; 23.62 psu) following the excursions of the pycnocline and reached the highest density ever recorded (664 × 103 cells L−1) for this species. Dinophysis acuta was the dominant Dinophysis species in all microplankton net-tows/bottle samples; they all contained DSP toxins (OA, DTX-1) and PTX-2. Modeled flushing rates showed that Puyuhuapi, the only fjord in the area with 2 connections with the open sea, had the highest water residence time. Long term climate variability in the Southern hemisphere showed the effects of a Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in positive mode (+1.1 hPa) overwhelming a moderate La Niña. These effects included positive spring precipitation anomalies with enhanced salinity gradients and summer drought with positive anomalies in air (+1 °C) and sea surface (+2 °C) temperature. Locally, persistent thermal stratification in PF seemed to provide an optimal physical habitat for initiation and bloom development of D. acuta. Thus, in summer 2018, a favourable combination of meteorological and hydrographic processes of multiple scales created conditions that promoted the development of a widespread bloom of D. acuta with its epicentre at the head of Puyuhuapi fjord.
Patricio A. Díaz; Iván Peréz-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; René Garreaud; Elías Pinilla; Manuel Díaz; Alondra Sandoval; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Paulina Montero; Gemita Pizarro; Loreto López; Luis Iriarte; Gabriela Igor; Beatriz Reguera. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 773, 145621 .
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Iván Peréz-Santos, Gonzalo Álvarez, René Garreaud, Elías Pinilla, Manuel Díaz, Alondra Sandoval, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, José Rengel, Paulina Montero, Gemita Pizarro, Loreto López, Luis Iriarte, Gabriela Igor, Beatriz Reguera. Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 773 ():145621.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Iván Peréz-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; René Garreaud; Elías Pinilla; Manuel Díaz; Alondra Sandoval; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Paulina Montero; Gemita Pizarro; Loreto López; Luis Iriarte; Gabriela Igor; Beatriz Reguera. 2021. "Multiscale physical background to an exceptional harmful algal bloom of Dinophysis acuta in a fjord system." Science of The Total Environment 773, no. : 145621.
Domoic acid (DA), the main toxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, frequently affects the marine resources of Chile and other countries across the South Pacific, thus becoming a risk for human health. One of the affected resources is the scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Even though this species has a high commercial importance in Northern Chile and Peru, the characteristics of its DA depuration are not known. In this work, the DA depuration was studied by means of two experiments: one in controlled (laboratory) and another in natural conditions. All organs of A. purpuratus depurated the toxin very quickly in both experiments. In some organs, an increase or a very small decrease of toxin was detected in the early depuration steps. Several models were used to describe this kinetics. The one that included toxin transfer between organs and independent depuration from each organ was the model that best fit the data. It seems, therefore, that the DA in this species is quickly transferred from the digestive gland to all other organs, which release it into the environment. Physiological differences in the two experiments have been shown to have some effect on the depuration from each organ but the actual reasons are still unknown.
Gonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Roberto Pino; Eduardo Uribe; Patricio Díaz; Araceli Rossignoli; Américo López-Rivera; Juan Blanco. Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs. Toxins 2020, 12, 698 .
AMA StyleGonzalo Álvarez, José Rengel, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Roberto Pino, Eduardo Uribe, Patricio Díaz, Araceli Rossignoli, Américo López-Rivera, Juan Blanco. Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs. Toxins. 2020; 12 (11):698.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Álvarez; José Rengel; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Roberto Pino; Eduardo Uribe; Patricio Díaz; Araceli Rossignoli; Américo López-Rivera; Juan Blanco. 2020. "Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs." Toxins 12, no. 11: 698.
Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are known to retain temporary cryptophyte plastids of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade after feeding the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. In the present study, partial plastid 23S rDNA sequences were retrieved in Southern Chilean waters from oceanic (Los Lagos region), and fjord systems (Aysén region), in single cells of Dinophysis and accompanying organisms (the heliozoan Actinophrys cf. sol and tintinnid ciliates), identified by means of morphological discrimination under the light microscope. All plastid 23S rDNA sequences (n = 23) from Dinophysis spp. (Dinophysis acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos and D. subcircularis) belonged to cryptophytes from clade V (Rhinomonas, Rhodomonas and Storeatula), although they could not be identified at genus level. Moreover, five plastid sequences obtained from heliozoans (Actinophryida, tentatively identified as Actinophrys cf. sol), and tintinnid ciliates, grouped together with those cryptophyte sequences. In contrast, two additional sequences from tintinnids belonged to other taxa (chlorophytes and cyanobacteria). Overall, the present study represents the first time that red cryptophyte plastids outside of the Teleaulax/Plagioselmis/Geminigera clade dominate in wild photosynthetic Dinophysis spp. These findings suggest that either Dinophysis spp. are able to feed on other ciliate prey than Mesodinium and/or that cryptophyte plastids from clade V prevail in members of the M. rubrum species complex in the studied area.
Patricio A. Díaz; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Iván Pérez-Santos; Ángela Baldrich; Manuel Díaz; Francisco Rodríguez. Dinophysis Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) in Southern Chile harbours red cryptophyte plastids from Rhodomonas/Storeatula clade. Harmful Algae 2020, 99, 101907 .
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Concepción Fernández-Pena, Iván Pérez-Santos, Ángela Baldrich, Manuel Díaz, Francisco Rodríguez. Dinophysis Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) in Southern Chile harbours red cryptophyte plastids from Rhodomonas/Storeatula clade. Harmful Algae. 2020; 99 ():101907.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Iván Pérez-Santos; Ángela Baldrich; Manuel Díaz; Francisco Rodríguez. 2020. "Dinophysis Ehrenberg (Dinophyceae) in Southern Chile harbours red cryptophyte plastids from Rhodomonas/Storeatula clade." Harmful Algae 99, no. : 101907.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins and pectenotoxins (PTX) produced by endemic species of the genus Dinophysis, mainly D. acuta and D. acuminata, pose a big threat to public health, artisanal fisheries and the aquaculture industry in Southern Chile. This work reports the first detection of lipophilic toxins, including pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), in hard razor clam (Tagelus dombeii) associated with an unprecedented spring bloom −38.4 × 103 cells L−1 in integrated hose sampler (0–10 m) – of Dinophysis acuminata in coastal waters of central Chile. The socio-economic challenges to small-scale fisheries are discussed. The study points to the pressing need for sound policies to face unexpected HAB event, probably due to biogeographical expansions, with a focus on fisheries management, participation of stakeholders, and development of adaptive capacities.
Patricio A. Díaz; Gonzalo Álvarez; Miriam Seguel; Andrés Marín; Bernd Krock. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2020, 158, 111414 .
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Gonzalo Álvarez, Miriam Seguel, Andrés Marín, Bernd Krock. First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2020; 158 ():111414.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Gonzalo Álvarez; Miriam Seguel; Andrés Marín; Bernd Krock. 2020. "First detection of pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish associated with an intense spring bloom of Dinophysis acuminata on the central Chilean coast." Marine Pollution Bulletin 158, no. : 111414.
In the last decade, several outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) have been reported in the Canary Islands (central northeast Atlantic Ocean), confirming ciguatera as an emerging alimentary risk in this region. Five Gambierdiscus species, G. australes, G. excentricus, G. silvae, G. carolinianus and G. caribaeus, have been detected in macrophytes from this area and are known to produce the ciguatoxins (CTXs) that cause CFP. A characterization of the toxicity of these species is the first step in identifying locations in the Canary Islands at risk of CFP. Therefore, in this study the toxicity of 63 strains of these five Gambierdiscus species were analysed using the erythrocyte lysis assay to evaluate their maitotoxin (MTX) content. In addition, 20 of the strains were also analysed in a neuroblastoma Neuro-2a (N2a) cytotoxicity assay to determine their CTX-like toxicity. The results allowed the different species to be grouped according to their ratios of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity. MTX-like toxicity was especially high in G. excentricus and G. australes but much lower in the other species and lowest in G. silvae. CTX-like toxicity was highest in G. excentricus, which produced the toxin in amounts ranging between 128.2 ± 25.68 and 510.6 ± 134.2 fg CTX1B equivalents (eq) cell−1 (mean ± SD). In the other species, CTX concentrations were as follows: G. carolinianus (100.84 ± 18.05 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. australes (31.1 ± 0.56 to 107.16 ± 21.88 fg CTX1B eq cell−1), G. silvae (12.19 ± 0.62 to 76.79 ± 4.97 fg CTX1B eq cell−1) and G. caribaeus (
Araceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins 2020, 12, 134 .
AMA StyleAraceli E. Rossignoli, Angels Tudó, Isabel Bravo, Patricio A. Díaz, Jorge Diogène, Pilar Riobó. Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins. 2020; 12 (2):134.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraceli E. Rossignoli; Angels Tudó; Isabel Bravo; Patricio A. Díaz; Jorge Diogène; Pilar Riobó. 2020. "Toxicity Characterisation of Gambierdiscus Species from the Canary Islands." Toxins 12, no. 2: 134.
Phalacroma rotundatum is a rare cosmopolitan heterotrophic dinoflagellate. This species, included in the IOC-UNESCO Taxonomic Reference List of Harmful Microalgae, may be a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin vector, but little is known about its ecophysiology and behavior. A vertical net haul collected during the austral summer of 2018 in Reloncaví Sound (Chilean Patagonia) revealed an unusually abundant population of P. rotundatum and prompted intensive 24 h sampling on 16-17 January to study the cell cycle and feeding behavior of this species. Hydrographic measurements from a buoy revealed the local characteristic estuarine circulation, with a brackish surface layer (salinity 26-28) separated from saltier, colder bottom waters by a pycnocline at a depth modulated by the tidal regime. A high proportion of P. rotundatum cells were packed with digestive vacuoles (peak of 70% at 14:00), and phased cell division (µ = 0.46 d-1) occurred 3 h after sunrise. The division time (TD) was 2 h. This is the first cell cycle study of P. rotundatum. The results here disagree with those of previous field studies that considered asynchronous division in some Dinophysis species to be related to heterotrophic feeding. They also question the very specific prey requirements, Tiarina fusus, reported for P. rotundatum in northern Europe.
Patricio A. Díaz; Iván Pérez-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Beatriz Reguera. Cell Cycle, Division Rate, and Feeding of the Heterotroph Phalacroma rotundatum in a Chilean Fjord. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 451 .
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Iván Pérez-Santos, Gonzalo Álvarez, Michael Araya, Francisco Álvarez, Beatriz Reguera. Cell Cycle, Division Rate, and Feeding of the Heterotroph Phalacroma rotundatum in a Chilean Fjord. Microorganisms. 2019; 7 (10):451.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Iván Pérez-Santos; Gonzalo Álvarez; Michael Araya; Francisco Álvarez; Beatriz Reguera. 2019. "Cell Cycle, Division Rate, and Feeding of the Heterotroph Phalacroma rotundatum in a Chilean Fjord." Microorganisms 7, no. 10: 451.
Wind reversals and quick transitions from relaxation to upwelling in coastal areas cause major changes in water column structure, phytoplankton distribution and dominance, and rates of physiological processes. The cruise “ASIMUTH-Rías” (17-21 June 2013) was carried out in the Galician Rías and adjacent shelf, at the time of a DSP outbreak, to study small-scale physical processes associated with late spring blooms of D. acuminata and accompanying microzooplanktonic ciliates with the overall objective of improving predictive models of their occurrence. The cruise coincided with the initiation of an upwelling pulse following relaxation and deepening of a previously formed thin layer of diatoms. A 36-h cell cycle study carried on 18-20 June showed the vertical excursions of the thin layer, mainly delimited by the 13.5-14°C isotherms and turbulence levels (ε) of 10-8 - 10-6 m2 s-3, as well as marked changes in phytoplankton composition (increased density and dominance of diatoms). There was no evidence of daily vertical migration of D. acuminata, which remained in the top layer during the cycle study, but the opposite was observed in the ciliate populations. Dinophysis and its potential prey (Mesodinium species) cell maxima overlapped after midday, when the ciliate moved to the surface, suggesting an “ambush” strategy of Dinophysis to catch prey. A remarkable decline (from 0.65 to 0.33 d-1) in division rates (µ) of D. acuminata was associated with increased turbulence (ε 2°C in about 8 h). In contrast, high division rates (µmin ∼0.69 d-1) persisted at a mid-shelf station where environmental conditions below the mixed layer were more stable. The onset of upwelling pulses appears to have a double negative effect on the net growth of Dinophysis populations: a direct physical effect due to advective dispersion and an indirect effect, decreased division rates. The latter would be caused by the rapid cooling of the mixed layer, and the increased turbulence at the surface resulting in shear stress to the cells. The short-term impact of upwelling pulses (and the winds promoting it) on the physiology of Dinophysis and its ciliate prey, and the role of mid-shelf populations of Dinophysis as a relatively undisturbed reservoir for the inoculation of subsequent blooms are discussed.
Patricio A. Díaz; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera. Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey. Progress in Oceanography 2019, 175, 309 -327.
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Beatriz Mourino-Carballido, Concepción Fernández-Pena, Pilar Riobó, Beatriz Reguera. Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey. Progress in Oceanography. 2019; 175 ():309-327.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Concepción Fernández-Pena; Pilar Riobó; Beatriz Reguera. 2019. "Fine scale physical-biological interactions during a shift from relaxation to upwelling with a focus on Dinophysis acuminata and its potential ciliate prey." Progress in Oceanography 175, no. : 309-327.
In late February 2016, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella was detected in southern Chiloé, leading to the banning of shellfish harvesting in an extended geographical area (~500 km). On April 24, 2016, this bloom produced a massive beaching (an accumulation on the beach surface of dead or impaired organisms which were drifted ashore) of surf clams Mesodesma donacium in Cucao Bay, Chiloé. To determine the effect of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in M. donacium, samples were taken from Cucao during the third massive beaching detected on May 3, 2016. Whole tissue toxicity evidence a high interindividual variability with values which ranged from 1008 to 8763 μg STX eq 100 g−1 and with a toxin profile dominated by GTX3, GTX1, GTX2, GTX4, and neoSTX. Individuals were dissected into digestive gland (DG), foot (FT), adductor muscle (MU), and other body fractions (OBF), and histopathological and toxin analyses were carried out on the obtained fractions. Some pathological conditions were observed in gill and digestive gland of 40–50% of the individuals that correspond to hemocyte aggregation and haemocytic infiltration, respectively. The most toxic tissue was DG (2221 μg STX eq 100 g−1), followed by OBF (710 μg STX eq 100 g−1), FT (297 μg STX eq 100 g−1), and MU (314 μg STX eq 100 g−1). The observed surf clam mortality seems to have been mainly due to the desiccation caused by the incapability of the clams to burrow. Considering the available information of the monitoring program and taking into account that this episode was the first detected along the open coast of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chiloé, it is very likely that the M. donacium population from Cucao Bay has not had a recurrent exposition to A. catenella and, consequently, that it has not been subjected to high selective pressure for PSP resistance. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of PSP toxins on behavioral and physiological responses, nerve sensitivity, and genetic/molecular basis for the resistance or sensitivity of M. donacium.
Gonzalo Álvarez; Patricio A. Díaz; Marcos Godoy; Michael Araya; Iranzu Ganuza; Roberto Pino; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Cristina Hernández; Eduardo Uribe; Juan Blanco. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins 2019, 11, 188 .
AMA StyleGonzalo Álvarez, Patricio A. Díaz, Marcos Godoy, Michael Araya, Iranzu Ganuza, Roberto Pino, Francisco Álvarez, José Rengel, Cristina Hernández, Eduardo Uribe, Juan Blanco. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality. Toxins. 2019; 11 (4):188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonzalo Álvarez; Patricio A. Díaz; Marcos Godoy; Michael Araya; Iranzu Ganuza; Roberto Pino; Francisco Álvarez; José Rengel; Cristina Hernández; Eduardo Uribe; Juan Blanco. 2019. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality." Toxins 11, no. 4: 188.
Blooms of Dinophysis acuminata occur every year in Galicia (northwest Spain), between spring and autumn. These blooms contaminate shellfish with lipophilic toxins and cause lengthy harvesting bans. They are often followed by short-lived blooms of Dinophysis acuta, associated with northward longshore transport, at the end of the upwelling season. During the summers of 1989 and 1990, dense blooms of D. acuta developed in situ, initially co-occurring with D. acuminata and later with the paralytic shellfish toxin-producer Gymnodinium catenatum. Unexplored data from three cruises carried out before, during, and following autumn blooms (13–14, 27–28 September and 11–12 October) in 1990 showed D. acuta distribution in shelf waters within the 50 m and 130 m isobaths, delimited by the upwelling front. A joint review of monitoring data from Galicia and Portugal provided a mesoscale view of anomalies in SST and other hydroclimatic factors associated with a northward displacement of the center of gravity of D. acuta populations. At the microscale, re-examination of the vertical segregation of cell maxima in the light of current knowledge, improved our understanding of niche differentiation between the two species of Dinophysis. Results here improve local transport models and forecast of Dinophysis events, the main cause of shellfish harvesting bans in the most important mussel production area in Europe.
Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera; Teresa Moita; Isabel Bravo; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Santiago Fraga. Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters. Toxins 2019, 11, 37 .
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Beatriz Reguera, Teresa Moita, Isabel Bravo, Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Santiago Fraga. Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):37.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera; Teresa Moita; Isabel Bravo; Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Santiago Fraga. 2019. "Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters." Toxins 11, no. 1: 37.
Globally, Chile is the second largest producer of mussels, with 99% of production concentrated in the inland sea of the Los Lagos Region, Southern Chile. This study reveals that seasons produce a drastic difference in the cadmium concentration (Cd) in marine mussels in bay, channel, and fjord ecosystems in this area. As the global mussel industry continues its rapid expansion, a complete understanding of cadmium pathways is critical in order to minimize the cadmium content in harvests. In this study, biweekly sampling was conducted in Chiloé (Southern Chile), during five consecutive seasons from June 2014 to November 2015. Cadmium in the soft tissues (ST) and in the content of the digestive gland (CDG) of Mytilus chilensis were investigated, in addition to resuspensions and seston to determine the effect of the seasons on metal bioassimilation capacity. In spring, the (Cd) between CDG and ST varied by approximately 2 mg Cd kg−1 dry mass (DM). In summer and autumn, the (Cd) in CDG increased from 3 to 6 mg Cd kg−1 while the (Cd) in ST decreased from 2.5 to 1.5 mg Cd kg−1 DM. The three ecosystems showed the same cadmium bioconcentration trends in all seasons, revealing coherent global trends. These findings should caution the industry and coastal populations about the seasonal variability and intensity of cadmium metal transfer to biofilters, especially because of the adverse effects of cadmium consumption on human health. Additionally, this study found that mussels in natural beds concentrate more Cd (> 1 mg Cd kg−1 DM) than in industrial facilities. Multiregression analysis showed and explained the cadmium in CDG for three ecosystems: channel (R2 0.9537), bay (R2 0.5962), and fjord (R2 0.4009). The independent variable nocturnal seston was able to explain the increase in cadmium.
J. Max Blanc; Carlos Molinet; Patricio A. Díaz; Ricardo Subiabre; Marco Salamanca; Jaclyn Duemler. Drastic difference in cadmium concentration in mussels (Mytilus chilensis) observed between seasons in natural bed and aquaculture systems in Chile. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2019, 191, 53 .
AMA StyleJ. Max Blanc, Carlos Molinet, Patricio A. Díaz, Ricardo Subiabre, Marco Salamanca, Jaclyn Duemler. Drastic difference in cadmium concentration in mussels (Mytilus chilensis) observed between seasons in natural bed and aquaculture systems in Chile. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2019; 191 (2):53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Max Blanc; Carlos Molinet; Patricio A. Díaz; Ricardo Subiabre; Marco Salamanca; Jaclyn Duemler. 2019. "Drastic difference in cadmium concentration in mussels (Mytilus chilensis) observed between seasons in natural bed and aquaculture systems in Chile." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191, no. 2: 53.
In order to contribute with more integrative strategies for better identify areas of high conservation priority we study the coupling of physical and biological processes that sustain a deep subpopulation of the most caught sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) worldwide and its associated epibenthic community over a bathymetric depression in southern Chile, which is surrounded by intensive anthropic activities. We used a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to characterize the epibenthic community (organisms > 15 mm long) and substrate, up to a depth of 112 m in a submarine hole. Additionally, a combination of a towed and a moored Acoustic Doppler current Profiler (ADCP) was used to characterize current patterns. We found evidence that physical mechanisms transport and retain macro and micro material in the bottom of the hollow, and they contribute to homogenizing the habitat along the entire bathymetric gradient. These coupled processes allow i) that several species expand their bathymetric distribution range, ii) the existence of nursery areas for fishes, iii) that characteristic grazers in shallow habitats colonize greater depths, where filter feeders or DOM consumers generally represent the typical epifauna. We hypothesize that coupling of physical and biological processes on this bathymetric depression are key for bring on Loxechinus albus along the entire bathymetric gradient, who in turn is key to the community structure of the hollow. Given that this particular habitat is surrounded by intensive anthropic activities (eg. salmon aquaculture, mussel aquaculture, fishing, port) and a city, we suggest: Firstly, that monitoring should be undertaken in order to observe biodiversity changes in the bathymetric gradient, since it could be an indicator of conservation status. Secondly, that a proposal should be formulated to consider this zone as a Marine Protected Area.
Carlos A. Moreno; Carlos Molinet; Manuel Diaz; Patricio A. Díaz; Mario A. Cáceres; Bastián Añazco; Mariela Guzmán; Edwin J. Niklitschek; Edwin Nicklitschek. Coupling biophysical processes that sustain a deep subpopulation of Loxechinus albus and its associated epibenthic community over a bathymetric feature. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2018, 212, 23 -33.
AMA StyleCarlos A. Moreno, Carlos Molinet, Manuel Diaz, Patricio A. Díaz, Mario A. Cáceres, Bastián Añazco, Mariela Guzmán, Edwin J. Niklitschek, Edwin Nicklitschek. Coupling biophysical processes that sustain a deep subpopulation of Loxechinus albus and its associated epibenthic community over a bathymetric feature. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2018; 212 ():23-33.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos A. Moreno; Carlos Molinet; Manuel Diaz; Patricio A. Díaz; Mario A. Cáceres; Bastián Añazco; Mariela Guzmán; Edwin J. Niklitschek; Edwin Nicklitschek. 2018. "Coupling biophysical processes that sustain a deep subpopulation of Loxechinus albus and its associated epibenthic community over a bathymetric feature." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 212, no. : 23-33.
In Chile, 90% of the fish farms and major natural shellfish beds are located in the region surrounding the Inland Sea, where over the last few decades harmful phytoplankton blooms have often been observed. The onset and recurrence of bloom events are often related to the resuspension and germination of resting cysts that have accumulated in the sediments. The degree of cyst settling, accumulation and germination is highly variable between areas and depends on physical and environmental factors. To learn how differences in oceanographic exposure, amount of river runoff and bathymetry affect dinoflagellate cyst deposition, we examined the diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts from two hydrographically contrasting coastal areas (oceanic Guaitecas Archipelago and estuarine Pitipalena Fjord) of the Chilean Inland Sea in September 2006, seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella, a producer of paralytic shellfish toxin. Cyst species diversity consisted of 18 taxa, including A. catenella and the noxious species Protoceratium reticulatum, both of which have caused blooms in the study area. Our results revealed significant differences between the two study sites in terms of the abundance and diversity of resting cysts, suggesting that in the specific case of A. catenella, only Guaitecas stations have potential for cyst accumulation and successful growth of cells. However, there was no evidence of long-term resting cyst beds of A. catenella at either study site.
Patricio A. Díaz; Carlos Molinet; Miriam Seguel; Manuel Díaz; Gissela Labra; Rosa Figueroa. Species diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in two contrasting coastal systems of the Chilean Inland Sea. European Journal of Phycology 2018, 53, 410 -421.
AMA StylePatricio A. Díaz, Carlos Molinet, Miriam Seguel, Manuel Díaz, Gissela Labra, Rosa Figueroa. Species diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in two contrasting coastal systems of the Chilean Inland Sea. European Journal of Phycology. 2018; 53 (3):410-421.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio A. Díaz; Carlos Molinet; Miriam Seguel; Manuel Díaz; Gissela Labra; Rosa Figueroa. 2018. "Species diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate resting cysts seven months after a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in two contrasting coastal systems of the Chilean Inland Sea." European Journal of Phycology 53, no. 3: 410-421.
The formation of growth rings on the genital plates of two exploited subpopulations of the sea urchin, Loxechinus albus, using mark-recapture methods, was studied. Regression models for ordinal data were used to analyze their variability, and its effect on growth patterns was evaluated by comparing parameters of the resulting growth models. The observed formation of growth rings in L. albus from January 2015 to February 2016 allowed to determine the sea urchins age with 90% accuracy in the Picuta subpopulation, while in the Westhoff subpopulation, age was determined correctly in only 77% of cases, with a significant percentage of sea urchins over 50 mm TD that did not form new rings, suggesting precaution to estimate age using growth rings formation in sea urchins. The particular hydrodynamic characteristics of Picuta and their effect on the sea urchin distribution, could explain the observed growth rate stability despite 40 years of intense fishing. Westhoff, a system where only shallow subpopulations of sea urchin have been recorded, showed growth rate changes possibly associated with size-age truncation resulting from the fishing selective effect. Implementation of monitoring in non-fishing areas where trends in the local population can be followed, would help to identify key processes in L. albus population dynamics and design suitable management strategies of this socio-economically important resource.
Cecilia Balboa; Carlos Molinet; Nancy Barahona; Patricio A. Díaz; Dagoberto Subiabre; Paulina Gebauer. Using growth ring formation to study growth patterns of exploited sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) populations. Fisheries Research 2018, 201, 88 -97.
AMA StyleCecilia Balboa, Carlos Molinet, Nancy Barahona, Patricio A. Díaz, Dagoberto Subiabre, Paulina Gebauer. Using growth ring formation to study growth patterns of exploited sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) populations. Fisheries Research. 2018; 201 ():88-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCecilia Balboa; Carlos Molinet; Nancy Barahona; Patricio A. Díaz; Dagoberto Subiabre; Paulina Gebauer. 2018. "Using growth ring formation to study growth patterns of exploited sea urchin (Loxechinus albus) populations." Fisheries Research 201, no. : 88-97.
J. Max Blanc; Carlos Molinet; Ricardo Subiabre; Patricio A. Díaz. Cadmium determination in Chilean blue mussels Mytilus chilensis: Implications for environmental and agronomic interest. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2018, 129, 913 -917.
AMA StyleJ. Max Blanc, Carlos Molinet, Ricardo Subiabre, Patricio A. Díaz. Cadmium determination in Chilean blue mussels Mytilus chilensis: Implications for environmental and agronomic interest. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2018; 129 (2):913-917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Max Blanc; Carlos Molinet; Ricardo Subiabre; Patricio A. Díaz. 2018. "Cadmium determination in Chilean blue mussels Mytilus chilensis: Implications for environmental and agronomic interest." Marine Pollution Bulletin 129, no. 2: 913-917.
Despite evidence of internal waves in the NW Iberian upwelling region, their action and role on nutrient supply dynamics and phytoplankton community structure remain unexplored. A multidisciplinary approach, combining analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired during the summer months of 2008–2011, together with high‐frequency samplings carried out in the Ría de Vigo in August 2013 during spring (CHAOS1) and neap tides (CHAOS2), was used to characterize: (1) the internal wave activity, (2) its influence on mixing and nutrient supply, and (3) its role on phytoplankton community. SAR images revealed that internal waves were more energetic during spring tides. Turbulent mixing was higher during CHAOS1‐springs (Kz =1.3 [1.0–2.0, 95% confidence interval] × 10−3 m2 s−1) compared to CHAOS2‐neaps (Kz = 0.7 [0.5–1.0] × 10−3 m2 s−1), and as a result nitrate diffusive fluxes were approximately fourfold higher (35 [17–73] mmol m−2 d−1) during CHAOS1‐springs. The sampling covered a transition from relaxation‐stratification (CHAOS1‐springs) to intensifying upwelling (CHAOS2‐neaps) conditions, resulting in nitrate supply (including both diffusive and advective fluxes) being about 50% higher during CHAOS2‐neaps. The phytoplankton community, which was overwhelmingly dominated by diatoms in both cruises, exhibited a shift in species composition, with an increase in the abundance of large Chaetoceros spp. during CHAOS2‐neaps. About 50% of the primary production in the ecosystem during periods of upwelling relaxation‐stratification could be sustained by enhanced nitrate diffusive fluxes during spring tides. Therefore, even in coastal upwelling regions, turbulent mixing driven by internal waves could play an important role in controlling phytoplankton productivity and community structure.
Marina Villamaña; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Emilio Marañón; Pedro Cermeno; Paloma Chouciño; José C. B. Da Silva; Patricio Díaz; Bieito Fernández Castro; Miguel Gilcoto; Rocío Graña; Mikel Latasa; Jorge Magalhães; José Luis Otero-Ferrer; Beatriz Reguera; Renate Scharek. Role of internal waves on mixing, nutrient supply and phytoplankton community structure during spring and neap tides in the upwelling ecosystem of Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). Limnology and Oceanography 2017, 62, 1014 -1030.
AMA StyleMarina Villamaña, Beatriz Mourino-Carballido, Emilio Marañón, Pedro Cermeno, Paloma Chouciño, José C. B. Da Silva, Patricio Díaz, Bieito Fernández Castro, Miguel Gilcoto, Rocío Graña, Mikel Latasa, Jorge Magalhães, José Luis Otero-Ferrer, Beatriz Reguera, Renate Scharek. Role of internal waves on mixing, nutrient supply and phytoplankton community structure during spring and neap tides in the upwelling ecosystem of Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula). Limnology and Oceanography. 2017; 62 (3):1014-1030.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarina Villamaña; Beatriz Mourino-Carballido; Emilio Marañón; Pedro Cermeno; Paloma Chouciño; José C. B. Da Silva; Patricio Díaz; Bieito Fernández Castro; Miguel Gilcoto; Rocío Graña; Mikel Latasa; Jorge Magalhães; José Luis Otero-Ferrer; Beatriz Reguera; Renate Scharek. 2017. "Role of internal waves on mixing, nutrient supply and phytoplankton community structure during spring and neap tides in the upwelling ecosystem of Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula)." Limnology and Oceanography 62, no. 3: 1014-1030.
The northwestern Iberian coast (Galician Rías and shelf) is frequently affected by toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) (mainly Dinophysis spp.), leading to lengthy harvesting closures in a region where aquaculture has a strong socioeconomic impact. The project ASIMUTH (http://www.asimuth.eu) aimed to develop forecasting capabilities to warn of impending HABs along the European Atlantic coast. Simulations with the ROMS model (hydrodynamical and ecological simulations complemented with Lagrangian particle tracking simulations) of the Galician coastal circulation have been performed in the framework of the ASIMUTH project to characterize and forecast oceanographic conditions before and during HAB periods. In this work, we present the Galician ASIMUTH forecast system and demonstrate its skill in predicting HAB transport and its usefulness to provide assessment for the management of the areas affected by toxic outbreaks. Experience gained during DSP events in 2005 and 2013 is shown. We also describe the Galician pilot HAB bulletins, aimed at distributing forecasts of HAB events that might induce closures of harvesting areas or, when the areas are already closed, at giving information on forthcoming oceanographic conditions that could favour or hamper the opening of an area. Our results show that the model forecasts and the bulletins can provide early warning of the risk of Dinophysis spp. events and the risk of closures linked to the presence of DSP toxins above regulatory levels in harvesting areas.Versión del editor3,083
Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luz M. García-García; Marcos Cobas; Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera. Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain). Harmful Algae 2016, 53, 40 -52.
AMA StyleManuel Ruiz-Villarreal, Luz M. García-García, Marcos Cobas, Patricio A. Díaz, Beatriz Reguera. Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain). Harmful Algae. 2016; 53 ():40-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManuel Ruiz-Villarreal; Luz M. García-García; Marcos Cobas; Patricio A. Díaz; Beatriz Reguera. 2016. "Modelling the hydrodynamic conditions associated with Dinophysis blooms in Galicia (NW Spain)." Harmful Algae 53, no. : 40-52.
Dinophysis acuta is a frequent seasonal lipophilic toxin producer in European Atlantic coastal waters associated with thermal stratification. In the Galician Rías, populations of D. acuta with their epicentre located off Aveiro (northern Portugal), typically co-occur with and follow those of Dinophysis acuminata during the upwelling transition (early autumn) as a result of longshore transport. During hotter than average summers, D. acuta blooms also occur in August in the Rías, when they replace D. acuminata. Here we examined a 30-year (1985–2014) time series of D. acuta from samples collected by the same method in the Galician Rías. Our main objective was to identify patterns of distribution and their relation with climate variability, and to explain the exceptional summer blooms of D. acuta in 1989–1990. A dome-shaped relationship was found between summer upwelling intensity and D. acuta blooms; cell maxima were associated with conditions where the balance between upwelling intensity and heating, leading to deepened thermoclines, combined with tidal phase (3 days after neap tides) created windows of opportunity for this species. The application of a generalized additive model based on biological (D. acuta inoculum) and environmental predictors (Cumulative June–August upwelling CUIJJA, average June–August SSTJJA and tidal range) explained more than 70% of the deviance for the exceptional summer blooms of D. acuta, through a combination of moderate (35,000–50,000 m3 s−1 km−1) summer upwelling (CUIJJA), thermal stratification (SSTJJA > 17 °C) and moderate tidal range (∼2.5 m), provided D. acuta cells (inoculum) were present in July. There was no evidence of increasing trends in D. acuta bloom frequency/intensity nor a clear relationship with NAO or other long-term climatic cycles. Instead, the exceptional summer blooms of 1989–1990 appeared linked to extreme hydroclimatic anomalies (high positive anomalies in SST and NAO index), which affected most of the European Atlantic coast.Versión del editor3,083
Patricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Yolanda Pazos; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera. Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system. Harmful Algae 2016, 53, 145 -159.
AMA StylePatricio Díaz, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, Yolanda Pazos, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera. Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system. Harmful Algae. 2016; 53 ():145-159.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio Díaz; Manuel Ruiz Villarreal; Yolanda Pazos; Teresa Moita; Beatriz Reguera. 2016. "Climate variability and Dinophysis acuta blooms in an upwelling system." Harmful Algae 53, no. : 145-159.
Population monitoring of benthic species has been complicated by difficulties in defining appropriate spatial units for making observations that are relevant to the management of these fisheries. In many cases, this has led to the application of indirect models of stock evaluation using catch and effort information for estimating global quotas, in spite of the fact that experience suggests that limit reference points should be used. The aim of this study was to research the spatial distribution pattern of the Chilean sea urchin Loxechinus albus at sites identified as fishing beds through direct evaluation. Thus, video transect recordings were used and geostatistical methods were applied to determine the presence of significant spatial units. We found significant spatial structures represented by beds of 1–120 ha with 20,000–2,300,000 sea urchins that revealed fragmentation of the exploited L. albus populations within the study area. Smaller beds were observed close to the landing ports, suggesting that, in the extreme north of the study area, the beds were “in transition” toward becoming unoccupied habitats. This fragmentation is influenced by first‐order (habitat availability) and second‐order (principally fishing and recruitment) effects. The bed structure observed can be classified as mesoscale, where contraction and expansion dynamics operate. This can lead to persistence, extinction, and reemergence over periods that span more than a generation. Observing the expansion–contraction of these beds can, therefore, be extremely informative when interpreting population and large‐scale fishery dynamics. Our hypothesis is that the structure of beds observed is associated with local fishery indicators and therefore can be used to monitor and improve management on a regional scale. This would be particularly useful for such complex regions as the Chilean inland sea, although the methodology requires further adjustment. Received May 14, 2015; accepted November 12, 2015
Carlos Molinet; Nancy Barahona; Manuel Díaz; Patricio A. Díaz; María Olga Millanao; Pablo Araya; Dagoberto Subiabre; Edwin J. Niklitschek. Using Drift Video Transects and Maximum Likelihood Geostatistics for Quantifying and Monitoring Exploited Subpopulations ofLoxechinus albusat a Mesoscale. Marine and Coastal Fisheries 2016, 8, 70 -80.
AMA StyleCarlos Molinet, Nancy Barahona, Manuel Díaz, Patricio A. Díaz, María Olga Millanao, Pablo Araya, Dagoberto Subiabre, Edwin J. Niklitschek. Using Drift Video Transects and Maximum Likelihood Geostatistics for Quantifying and Monitoring Exploited Subpopulations ofLoxechinus albusat a Mesoscale. Marine and Coastal Fisheries. 2016; 8 (1):70-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarlos Molinet; Nancy Barahona; Manuel Díaz; Patricio A. Díaz; María Olga Millanao; Pablo Araya; Dagoberto Subiabre; Edwin J. Niklitschek. 2016. "Using Drift Video Transects and Maximum Likelihood Geostatistics for Quantifying and Monitoring Exploited Subpopulations ofLoxechinus albusat a Mesoscale." Marine and Coastal Fisheries 8, no. 1: 70-80.