A utilização de organoides cerebrais derivados de células-tronco neurais (NSCs) está revolucionando a pesquisa em oncologia cerebral, oferecendo um modelo tridimensional mais fisiologicamente relevante para o estudo de tumores cerebrais. Esses organoides replicam a complexidade estrutural e funcional do cérebro humano, permitindo uma análise detalhada do crescimento e invasão tumoral, bem como das interações entre células tumorais e o microambiente. Eles mantêm a heterogeneidade celular intrínseca dos tumores, essencial para a medicina personalizada. No entanto, desafios como a falta de vascularização e a variabilidade entre organoides permanecem. Avanços em bioengenharia, edição gênica e integração com sistemas microfluídicos prometem superar essas limitações. A aplicação de organoides personalizados e o uso de bioinformática e inteligência artificial estão abrindo novos caminhos para a medicina personalizada, permitindo a triagem de terapias específicas e a predição de respostas ao tratamento. A colaboração interdisciplinar é crucial para maximizar o potencial desses modelos. Em conclusão, os organoides cerebrais têm o potencial de revolucionar a pesquisa translacional e acelerar o desenvolvimento de terapias mais eficazes e personalizadas para tumores cerebrais.

Schistosomiasis remains an important public health problem in Espírito Santo, Brazil, particularly in municipalities characterized by greater socioeconomic vulnerability, frequent contact with freshwater bodies, and inadequate sanitation coverage. This study aimed to investigate the associations between the occurrence of snails of the genus Biomphalaria, the historical occurrence of Schistosoma mansoni at the municipal level, sanitation indicators, and schistosomiasis positivity across municipalities in the state of Espírito Santo (ES). This longitudinal ecological study used secondary data from 2011 to 2019 and included 2,766 investigated cases in ES. Descriptive analyses, analysis of variance, Pearson’s chi-square test, and multiple linear regression were performed. An overall decreasing trend in the number of cases was observed throughout the study period. Biomphalaria species richness was not significantly associated with the schistosomiasis test positivity rate. In contrast, the presence of B. glabrata and a history of S. mansoni occurrence in the municipality were significantly associated with higher schistosomiasis positivity rates. Conversely, the occurrence of B. straminea and B. tenagophila was negatively associated with schistosomiasis positivity, whereas sewage treatment coverage, total population size, and the proportion of the population living in urban areas were not associated with the positivity rate after adjustment for the effects of the other variables. These findings indicate that the presence of Biomphalaria alone does not explain the municipal distribution of schistosomiasis, while highlighting the epidemiological relevance of B. glabrata compared with other congeneric species recorded in Espírito Santo, as well as the importance of previous S. mansoni occurrence. These results reinforce the need to integrate epidemiological surveillance, malacological surveillance, expansion of sanitation services, and molecular methods for Biomphalaria species identification to improve the identification of areas at risk and strengthen schistosomiasis control strategies in Espírito Santo.

Objective: This umbrella review investigates the influence of immunonutrition on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for head and neck cancer. The primary focus is to determine whether supplementation with immunomodulatory nutrients enhances recovery, reduces surgical complications, and shortens hospital stay durations. Method: Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials were analyzed, sourced from prominent databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Searches employed MeSH terms targeting immunonutrition and surgical procedures in head and neck oncology. Two independent reviewers conducted the selection and extraction of relevant studies, resolving discrepancies through consensus. Methodological rigor was evaluated using AMSTAR 2 and ROBIS tools, and the certainty of evidence was graded via the GRADE framework. Statistical assessments utilized Bayesian modeling to estimate pooled effects and evaluate heterogeneity. Results: The analysis encompassed ten high-quality reviews comparing immunonutrition interventions to standard perioperative care. Findings demonstrated a modest but significant reduction in hospital stay duration (effect size: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.02–0.35), suggesting a potential benefit of immunonutrition. Nonetheless, considerable variability in supplementation regimens and reported outcomes across studies underscores the need for protocol standardization and consistent reporting. Conclusion: Immunonutrition emerges as a valuable strategy in optimizing postoperative care for head and neck cancer patients, with evidence pointing to reduced hospitalization times and improved recovery trajectories. However, more robust and harmonized research is required to establish comprehensive guidelines and confirm these preliminary findings.