Polymer concrete (PC) refers to the use of a polymer as a replacement for cement, enhancing the mechanical and durability properties of traditional concrete. Introduced in the late 1950s and gaining prominence in the 1970s, the use of PCs has been rapidly increasing across various industries. This paper provides a comprehensive review, beginning with a brief historical overview of polymer concrete. It examines key review papers and books related to PC, summarizing the various materials commonly used in its formulation, such as resins, fillers, fibers, and nanofillers. Additionally, the paper explores the diverse applications of polymer concrete, ranging from structural repairs and architectural cladding to advanced uses in electrical insulation and 3D printing, with special attention given to sustainability aspects. Through this review, the paper highlights the growing importance of polymer concrete in modern construction and infrastructure projects.