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Jung-Tai Lee
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan

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Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Sustainability
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In Taiwan, intensive forest fires frequently cause serious forest degradation, soil erosion and impacts on alpine vegetation. Post-fire succession often induces the substitution of forest by alpine grassland. Alpine silver grass (Miscanthus transmorrisonensis Hay.) and Yushan cane (Yushania niitakayamensis (Hay.) Keng f.) are two main endemic species emerging on post-fire alpine grassland. These species play a major role in the recovery of alpine vegetation and soil conservation of alpine grassland. However, their root traits, root mechanical properties and water erosion-reducing ability have still not been well studied. In the present study, root characteristics were examined using a complete excavation method. Root mechanical characteristics were estimated by utilizing the uprooting test and root tensile test, and hydraulic flume experiments were performed to investigate the water erosion-reducing ability using 8-month-old plants. The results show that the root architecture system of Alpine silver grass belongs to fibrous root system, while the Yushan cane has sympodial-tufted rhizomes with a fibrous root system. Root characteristics reveal that relative to Alpine silver grass, Yushan cane has remarkably larger root collar diameter, higher root biomass, larger root volume, higher root density, and a higher root tissue density. Furthermore, uprooting resistance of Yushan cane is notably higher than that of Alpine silver grass. However, the root tensile strength of Alpine silver grass is significantly higher than that of Yushan cane. Additionally, hydraulic flume experiments reveal that Yushan cane has significantly lower soil detachment rates than that of Alpine silver grass. Collectively, these findings clearly show that Yushan cane has superior root characteristics and water erosion-reducing ability than Alpine silver grass and is thus more suitable for the conservation of alpine grassland.

ACS Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Shun-Ming Tsai; Yu-Jie Wu; Yu-Syuan Lin; Ming-Yang Chu; Ming-Jen Lee. Root Characteristics and Water Erosion-Reducing Ability of Alpine Silver Grass and Yushan Cane for Alpine Grassland Soil Conservation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7633 .

AMA Style

Jung-Tai Lee, Shun-Ming Tsai, Yu-Jie Wu, Yu-Syuan Lin, Ming-Yang Chu, Ming-Jen Lee. Root Characteristics and Water Erosion-Reducing Ability of Alpine Silver Grass and Yushan Cane for Alpine Grassland Soil Conservation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Shun-Ming Tsai; Yu-Jie Wu; Yu-Syuan Lin; Ming-Yang Chu; Ming-Jen Lee. 2021. "Root Characteristics and Water Erosion-Reducing Ability of Alpine Silver Grass and Yushan Cane for Alpine Grassland Soil Conservation." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7633.

Journal article
Published: 20 April 2020 in Sustainability
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Rainstorms frequently cause runoff and then the runoff carries large amounts of sediments (sand, clay, and silt) from upstream and deposit them on different landforms (coast, plain, lowland, piedmont, etc.). Afterwards, monsoons and tropical cyclones often induce severe coastal erosion and dust storms in Taiwan. Ipomoea pes-caprae (a vine), Spinifex littoreus (a grass), and Vitex rotundifolia (a shrub) are indigenous foredune pioneer species. These species have the potential to restore coastal dune vegetation by controlling sand erosion and stabilizing sand dunes. However, their growth characteristics, root biomechanical traits, and anti-wind erosion abilities in sand dune environments have not been documented. In this study, the root growth characteristics of these species were examined by careful hand digging. Uprooting test and root tensile test were carried out to measure their mechanical strength, and wind tunnel (6 m × 1 m × 1.3 m, L × W × H) tests were executed to explore the anti-wind erosion ability using one-year-old seedlings. The results of root growth characteristics demonstrate that I. pes-caprae is superior to S. littoreus and V. rotundifolia. Moreover, uprooting resistance of V. rotundifolia seedlings (0.074 ± 0.032 kN) was significantly higher than that of I. pes-caprae (0.039 ± 0.015 kN) and S. littoreus (0.013 ± 0.005 kN). Root tensile strength of S. littoreus (16.68 ± 8.88 MPa) and V. rotundifolia (16.48 ± 4.37 MPa) were significantly higher than that of I. pes-caprae (6.65 ± 2.39 MPa). In addition, wind tunnel tests reveal that sand wind erosion rates for all three species decrease with increasing vegetation cover, but the anti-wind erosion ability of S. littoreus seedlings is significantly higher than I. pes-caprae and V. rotundifolia. Results of root tensile strength and anti-wind erosion ability clearly show that S. littoreus is superior to I. pes-caprae and V. rotundifolia. Taken together, our results suggest that I. pes-caprae and S. littoreus are beneficial for front line mixed planting, while V. rotundifolia is suitable for second line planting in foredune areas. These findings, along with the knowledge on adaption of foredune plants following sand accretion and erosion, provide us critical information for developing the planting strategy of foredune pioneer plants for the sustainable management of coastal foredune ecosystem.

ACS Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Lin-Zhi Yen; Ming-Yang Chu; Yu-Syuan Lin; Chih-Chia Chang; Ru-Sen Lin; Kung-Hsing Chao; Ming-Jen Lee. Growth Characteristics and Anti-Wind Erosion Ability of Three Tropical Foredune Pioneer Species for Sand Dune Stabilization. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3353 .

AMA Style

Jung-Tai Lee, Lin-Zhi Yen, Ming-Yang Chu, Yu-Syuan Lin, Chih-Chia Chang, Ru-Sen Lin, Kung-Hsing Chao, Ming-Jen Lee. Growth Characteristics and Anti-Wind Erosion Ability of Three Tropical Foredune Pioneer Species for Sand Dune Stabilization. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (8):3353.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Lin-Zhi Yen; Ming-Yang Chu; Yu-Syuan Lin; Chih-Chia Chang; Ru-Sen Lin; Kung-Hsing Chao; Ming-Jen Lee. 2020. "Growth Characteristics and Anti-Wind Erosion Ability of Three Tropical Foredune Pioneer Species for Sand Dune Stabilization." Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3353.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2020 in Forests
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Frequent earthquakes, monsoon torrential rains and typhoons cause severe landslides and soil erosion in Taiwan. Hibiscus taiwanensis, Macaranga tanarius, and Mallotus paniculatus are major pioneer tree species appearing on landslide-scarred areas. Thus, these species can be used to restore the self-sustaining native vegetation on forest landslides, to control erosion, and to stabilize slope. However, their growth performance, root traits and biomechanical properties have not been well characterized. In this study, root system and root traits were investigated using the excavation method, and biomechanical tests were performed to determine the uprooting resistance, root tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 1-year-old Hibiscus taiwanensis, Macaranga tanarius, and Mallotus paniculatus seedlings. The results reveal that relative to H. taiwanensis, M. tanarius and M. paniculatus seedlings had significantly larger root collar diameter, longer taproot length, higher root biomass, higher root density, higher root length density, heavier root mass, larger external root surface area, higher root tissue density, larger root volume, longer total root length, and a higher root tip number. Additionally, the height of M. paniculatus seedlings was significantly higher than those of H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius. Furthermore, the uprooting resistance and root tensile strength of M. paniculatus seedlings was significantly higher than those of H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius. Young’s modulus of M. paniculatus and M. tanarius seedlings was also significantly higher than that of H. taiwanensis. These growth characteristics and biomechanical properties demonstrate M. paniculatus and M. tanarius are superior than H. taiwanensis, considering growth performance, root anchorage capability, tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Taken as a whole, the rank order for species selection of these pioneer species for reforestation comes as: M. paniculatus M. tanarius H. taiwanensis. These results, along with knowledge on vegetation dynamics following landslides, allow us to better evaluate the effect of selective removal management of pioneer species on the resilience and sustainability of landslides.

ACS Style

Lee; Ming-Yang Chu; Lin; Kuan-Ning Kung; Jung-Tai Lee; Yu-Syuan Lin; Wen-Chi Lin; Ming-Jen Lee. Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas. Forests 2020, 11, 179 .

AMA Style

Lee, Ming-Yang Chu, Lin, Kuan-Ning Kung, Jung-Tai Lee, Yu-Syuan Lin, Wen-Chi Lin, Ming-Jen Lee. Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas. Forests. 2020; 11 (2):179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee; Ming-Yang Chu; Lin; Kuan-Ning Kung; Jung-Tai Lee; Yu-Syuan Lin; Wen-Chi Lin; Ming-Jen Lee. 2020. "Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas." Forests 11, no. 2: 179.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2020 in Flow Measurement and Instrumentation
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The present study proposed a discharge prediction model for open-check dams. The open-check dam is composed of a trapezoidal spillway and a rectangular opening located at the bottom of the spillway. The flow conditions, determined using the ratio of water head and dam crest length, for flow over open-check dams were divided into broad-crested and sharp-crested weir flow conditions. For the broad-crested weir flow condition, the discharge equation for rectangular broad-crested weir was proposed to estimate the discharge. For the sharp-crested weir flow condition, a linear combination of discharge equations for rectangular and trapezoidal sharp-crested weirs was proposed to describe the discharge. A series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to calibrate the proposed discharge model. The results showed the discharge coefficient and cross-sectional area ratio (Ar) were highly correlated under two flow conditions. The averaged error between measured and predicted discharge was less than 2%. The previous models displayed averaged errors between 4% and 25% under the present experimental conditions, whereas that of the present model was considerably low. The present model demonstrated favorable accurate and convenient estimation of discharge for flows over open-check dams.

ACS Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan; Hsin-Kai Yang; Po-Wei Lin; Jung-Tai Lee. Discharge formula for flows over open-check dams. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 2020, 72, 101690 .

AMA Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan, Hsin-Kai Yang, Po-Wei Lin, Jung-Tai Lee. Discharge formula for flows over open-check dams. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation. 2020; 72 ():101690.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan; Hsin-Kai Yang; Po-Wei Lin; Jung-Tai Lee. 2020. "Discharge formula for flows over open-check dams." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 72, no. : 101690.

Original article
Published: 08 June 2019 in Journal of Forest Research
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Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) is an important introduced reforestation species in windbreaks for agroforestry and ecological engineering. Nevertheless, the adaptive mechanism of its roots to withstand wind has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, a wind tunnel test was applied to investigate the effects of wind on growth, root architecture, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine seedlings using root excavation method, pullout test and tensile test. After eight months of treatment with simulated wind load (8.2 m s−1) during the day, the non-wind-stressed control seedlings developed taller height (118%), larger stem base diameter (110%), root biomass (100%), shoot biomass (228%), and longer taproot length (56%) than those of wind-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, the wind-stressed seedlings distributed more roots at the windward side than at the leeward side, whereas the control seedlings distributed their root systems in all directions. The average maximum pullout resistance (0.25 ± 0.11 kN) of the control seedlings was significantly higher than that of the wind-stressed ones (0.08 ± 0.04 kN). Additionally, the control seedlings had significantly higher root tensile strength than the wind-stressed ones in 0–1, 1–2 and 2–5 mm root diameter classes, respectively. These results demonstrate that wind stress significantly decreases growth performance, root anchorage capability and tensile strength of Australian pine seedlings.

ACS Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Lin-Zhi Yen; Ming-Jen Lee. Wind affects the growth, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) seedlings. Journal of Forest Research 2019, 24, 219 -229.

AMA Style

Jung-Tai Lee, Lin-Zhi Yen, Ming-Jen Lee. Wind affects the growth, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) seedlings. Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 24 (4):219-229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jung-Tai Lee; Lin-Zhi Yen; Ming-Jen Lee. 2019. "Wind affects the growth, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) seedlings." Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 4: 219-229.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2018 in Water
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Conventional landslide susceptibility analysis adopted rainfall depth or maximum rainfall intensity as the hydrological factor. However, using these factors cannot delineate temporal variations of landslide in a rainfall event. In the hydrological cycle, runoff quantity reflects rainfall characteristics and surface feature variations. In this study, a rainfall–runoff model was adopted to simulate the runoff produced by rainfall in various periods of a typhoon event. To simplify the number of factors in landslide susceptibility analysis, the runoff depth was used to replace rainfall factors and some topographical factors. The proposed model adopted the upstream area of the Alishan River in southern Taiwan as the study area. The landslide susceptibility analysis of the study area was conducted by using a logistic regression model. The results indicated that the overall accuracy of predicted events exceeded 80%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) closed to 0.8. The results revealed that the proposed landslide susceptibility simulation performed favorably in the study area. The proposed model could predict the evolution of landslide susceptibility in various periods of a typhoon and serve as a new reference for landslide hazard prevention.

ACS Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan; Po-An Chen; Jung-Tai Lee. Rainfall-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Using a Rainfall–Runoff Model and Logistic Regression. Water 2018, 10, 1354 .

AMA Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan, Po-An Chen, Jung-Tai Lee. Rainfall-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Using a Rainfall–Runoff Model and Logistic Regression. Water. 2018; 10 (10):1354.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hsun-Chuan Chan; Po-An Chen; Jung-Tai Lee. 2018. "Rainfall-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Using a Rainfall–Runoff Model and Logistic Regression." Water 10, no. 10: 1354.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2017 in African Journal of Agricultural Research
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Coastal windbreak restoration is important in Taiwan for agroforestry and sand dune stabilization. Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia Forst.) is the main species in windbreaks. It often suffers from serious uprooting and waterlogging damages, whereas sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) is more resistant to wind and tolerant to waterlogging. It is suggested that sea hibiscus can be substituted for Australian pine in coastal windbreak restoration. However, the adaptive mechanism of its root system to wind is not well understood. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the anchorage capabilities and root morphology of 10-year-old Australian pine and sea hibiscus plants. The results showed that root system morphologies of Australian pine and sea hibiscus plants belonged to taproot system and heart system, respectively. Root systems of both species were distributed towards northeast and southwest, which coincided with the monsoon directions. Sea hibiscus plants had significantly larger root collar diameter, longer taproot length, larger root biomass and shoot biomass than that of Australian pine plants. Additionally, sea hibiscus plants had significantly larger root volume than Australian pine plants. Moreover, sea hibiscus developed significantly stronger root functional traits, that is, root density (245%), root tissue density (300%) and the root to shoot ratio (138%) than Australian pine plants. Consistently, the root maximum uprooting resistance of sea hibiscus plants was significantly higher than that of Australian pine plants. These results demonstrate that sea hibiscus plants have stronger anchorage capability and they are more suitable for windbreak restoration and sand dune stabilization. Key words: Anchorage, pullout, root system morphology, uprooting resistance.

ACS Style

Lee Jung-Tai; Tsai Sung-Ming; Lee Ming-Jen; Jung-Tai Lee; Sung-Ming Tsai. Uprooting resistance of two tropical tree species for sand dune stabilization. African Journal of Agricultural Research 2017, 12, 3214 -3220.

AMA Style

Lee Jung-Tai, Tsai Sung-Ming, Lee Ming-Jen, Jung-Tai Lee, Sung-Ming Tsai. Uprooting resistance of two tropical tree species for sand dune stabilization. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 2017; 12 (45):3214-3220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Jung-Tai; Tsai Sung-Ming; Lee Ming-Jen; Jung-Tai Lee; Sung-Ming Tsai. 2017. "Uprooting resistance of two tropical tree species for sand dune stabilization." African Journal of Agricultural Research 12, no. 45: 3214-3220.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2017 in African Journal of Biotechnology
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Reforestation of native Acacia confusa Merr. on landslide areas in Taiwan is important for agroforestry and soil conservation. To ensure high survival and growth vigor, A. confusa seedlings must develop a strong root system. Inoculating of acacia with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB) may ameliorate the problems associated with soil nutrient deficiency on landslide sites. In this study, under plastic house condition, a NFB was isolated from the root nodules of native A. confusa and identified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, and its effects on growth, root system morphology and pullout resistance of acacia seedlings were investigated. Our results revealed that the growth of inoculated seedlings is significantly more vigor than that of the noninoculated controls. The enhancements in height, tap root length, shoot biomass and root biomass were 40, 100, 140 and 130%, respectively. Also, inoculated seedlings had significantly longer total root length (150%), larger external root surface area (130%), larger root volume (70%), and more root tip number (60%) than the controls. Moreover, the inoculated seedlings developed significantly stronger root functional traits, that is, root density (130%), root length density (60%) and specific root length (60%), than the controls. Consistently, the root pullout resistance of inoculated seedlings was significantly higher than that of the noninoculated ones. These results demonstrate that B. elkanii is an effective nitrogen-fixing bacterium capable of enhancing growth, root development and pullout resistance of A. confusa. Key words: Fabaceae, inoculation, nodules, pullout resistance, root morphology.

ACS Style

Lee Jung-Tai; Tsai Sung-Ming; Lin Chung-Hung; Jung-Tai Lee; Sung-Ming Tsai; Chung-Hung Lin. The nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium elkanii significantly stimulates root development and pullout resistance of Acacia confusa. African Journal of Biotechnology 2017, 16, 1067 -1077.

AMA Style

Lee Jung-Tai, Tsai Sung-Ming, Lin Chung-Hung, Jung-Tai Lee, Sung-Ming Tsai, Chung-Hung Lin. The nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium elkanii significantly stimulates root development and pullout resistance of Acacia confusa. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2017; 16 (18):1067-1077.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Jung-Tai; Tsai Sung-Ming; Lin Chung-Hung; Jung-Tai Lee; Sung-Ming Tsai; Chung-Hung Lin. 2017. "The nitrogen-fixing Bradyrhizobium elkanii significantly stimulates root development and pullout resistance of Acacia confusa." African Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 18: 1067-1077.