Human serum albumin (HSA) is an abundant plasma protein, which attracts great interest in the pharmaceutical industry since it can bind a remarkable variety of drugs impacting their delivery and efficacy and ultimately altering the drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Additionally, HSA is widely used in clinical settings as a drug delivery system due to its potential for improving targeting while decreasing the side effects of drugs. It is thus of great importance from the viewpoint of pharmaceutical sciences to clarify the structure, function, and properties of HSA–drug complexes. This review will succinctly outline the properties of binding site of drugs in IIA subdomain within the structure of HSA. We will also give an overview on the binding characterization of interactive association of drugs to human serum albumin that may potentially lead to significant clinical applications.

Cisplatin is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents, although its clinical use is limited by severe nephrotoxicity. Multifunctional platform for spatiotemporally controlled delivery of cisplatin and multimodal synergistic therapy is highly desirable in antitumor research. Herein, for the first time, an injectable, NIR-II light-modulated and thermosensitive hydrogel is synthesized through supramolecular self-assembly of a conjugated polymer and α-cyclodextrin. This hydrogel intrinsically features NIR responsive characteristics and thermo-responsive properties. The conjugated polymer (poly(N-phenylglycine)) not only tethers the poly(ethylene glycol) chains to enable the hydrogel formation, but also serves as the NIR-absorbing mediators. Accordingly, one particular benefit of this hydrogel is that its building blocks absorb NIR-II light and mediate the photothermal conversion itself, offering the important advantage of a prolonged retention time and thus permitting repeatable treatment upon a single-injection of this hydrogel. Under NIR-II laser irradiation, the localized photothermal effect not only ablates the highly metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but also triggers the on-demand cisplatin release through the thermo-responsive gel–sol transition, thus resulting in enhanced antitumor activity and reduced off-target toxicity. This work not only provides a novel multifunctional platform for NIR-triggered cisplatin release and chemo-photothermal combination therapy, but also presents a promising strategy for the rational design of NIR light-responsive hydrogels for the intervention of highly aggressive cancers.

The construction of advanced phototherapy systems with high therapeutic efficacy toward cancer and low side effects, especially targeted species, is highly desirable. Herein, we developed one kind of water-soluble hyaluronic acid–hybridized polyaniline nanoparticles (HA–PANI NPs) as a nanoplatform for photothermal therapy (PTT) with targeted specificity of a CD44-mediated cancer cell. The water-soluble HA–PANI NPs were fabricated by one-step oxidative polymerization using aniline as a polymerizable monomer and HA as a stabilizer and targeted agent, where non-covalent electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged polymer HA and the cationic polymer PANI drives the formation of HA–PANI NPs. It was demonstrated that approximately spherical HA–PANI NPs are well-dispersed in aqueous solutions, with average hydrodynamic diameters of around 100 nm. Besides, HA–PANI NPs have negligible cytotoxicity in vitro, which facilitates biomedical applications with low toxicity. We studied the in vitro photothermal cell-killing efficacy of HA–PANI NPs by MTT assay and confocal microscopy measurement. The results reveal that HA–PANI NPs can selectively kill the cancer cells of HeLa and HCT-116 cells rather than normal cells of HFF cells upon exposure to a NIR 808 nm laser. The efficient intracellular intake of the HA–PANI NPs by both HeLa and HCT-116 cells are observed, confirming their targeting ability for CD44-overexpressing cancer cells. Furthermore, the results of in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors show excellent treatment efficacy, indicating that the HA–PANI NPs can be considered as an extremely promising nanoplatform for targeted PTT of cancer.