This article offers a systematic literature review (SLR) on the use of the MiniMed 780G automated insulin delivery system (MM780G) in people with type 1 diabetes (PwT1D) during Ramadan intermittent fasting. It also presents consensus recommendations on the use of MM780G during the Ramadan period. The SLR was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology. The recommendations resulted from a consensus-forming process involving a panel of experts. The process considered evidence found in the SLR as well as the expert opinions. In total, six studies were included in the SLR. The evidence and expert opinions led to recommendations related to (a) pre-Ramadan counseling of MM780G users who plan to fast; (b) suggested MM780G settings, meal announcement strategy, and safety aspects during Ramadan (including a contingency plan); and (c) post-Ramadan transition into and out of Eid-al-Fitr festivities. The SLR findings showed that the MM780G maintains glycemic control at target in PwT1D during Ramadan (meeting continuous glucose monitoring–based clinical targets proposed by the International Consensus on Time-in-Range) while ensuring low rates of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis. Automated insulin delivery also helps PwT1D fast more days of Ramadan compared with users of other less advanced modalities of treatment. Pre-Ramadan guidance on specific aspects of the MM780G along with the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance counseling guidelines is recommended. There is still a challenge with post-Iftar hyperglycemia, which could potentially be mitigated by following the recommendations outlined in this article.

The onset of type 2 diabetes increases the risk of vascular complications and death. We know now that that this risk begins long before the diabetes diagnosis. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are not separate entities in practice and exist within a continuum of dysglycaemia and vascular risk that increases in severity over time. This excess risk requires early intervention with lifestyle therapy supported with pharmacologic antidiabetic therapy, intensified promptly where necessary throughout the duration of the diabetes continuum. Metformin is an evidence-based treatment for preventing prediabetes and improves cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes from diagnosis onwards. Newer agents (SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 agonists) are appropriate for people presenting with type 2 diabetes and significant cardiovascular comorbidity. Additional therapies should be used without delay to achieve patients’ individualised HbA1c goals and to minimise cardiovascular risk.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem and a leading cause of death in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks KSA as the seventh country with the highest diabetes prevalence in the world. The healthcare and treatment costs for diabetes have risen by more than 500% in the last two decades. Obesity is the main risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which involves insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Genetic and environmental factors also influence the development of T2DM. There are various options for controlling blood glucose in T2DM patients, including a new class of oral drugs called sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). These drugs reduce glucose reabsorption and increase glucose excretion in the kidney. They can be used at any stage of diabetes and have benefits such as lowering blood pressure, A1C levels, and body weight. Dapagliflozin is one of the SGLT2 inhibitors that T2DM patients well tolerate. This review examines the impact of T2DM in KSA, its risk factors and complications, and the role of Dapagliflozin in its management. It also provides expert opinions on the current situation of T2DM in KSA.

Background. Only few studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of headaches among the Saudi population. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of headache and to explore its associated risk factors Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Methods. The multistage sampling technique was used to enroll 1200 population-based participants who were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire about headaches, demographics, and several other parameters such as smoking status and different chronic and psychological illnesses. The chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to test the association. Results. The overall prevalence of headaches in this study was 3%. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that females were more likely to have headaches than males (odds ratio (OR) 0.735, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.612–1.341; ). Being a current smoker was also significantly associated with higher “odds” of having headache (OR = 1.319, 95% CI = 0.932–2.462; ). Participants who were overweight had a significantly higher risk of headache (OR = 1.631, 95% CI = 1.48–1.854; ). Nonmarried people were significantly more likely to have headache pain, compared to married individuals (OR = 0.875, 95% CI = 0.646–2.317; ). Conclusion. The prevalence of headaches was 3%, and four significant associated factors were identified: females, nonmarried, smoking, and overweight. The temporality of the relationship between these factors and headache cannot be confirmed in this cross-sectional study; so future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these potential causal relationships.

Sarcopenia is a progressive muscle disease characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, commonly associated with ageing and chronic diseases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accelerates its development through insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyperglycaemia. Sarcopenia may worsen diabetes-related outcomes, including increased risk of falls, functional decline, reduced quality of life, and impaired metabolic control. Despite its clinical impact, sarcopenia remains underdiagnosed in people with diabetes, particularly in those with high body mass index and excess adiposity. This paper reviews appropriate and sensitive methodologies for screening and diagnosing sarcopenia in people with diabetes. A structured expert consensus was conducted in two phases, informed by a targeted PubMed literature review and discussions with an international multidisciplinary panel. The consensus informed the development of a clinically applicable algorithm. The proposed approach integrates screening, diagnosis, staging, and management of sarcopenia, including exercise and muscle-targeted nutritional interventions, to improve clinical care. Sarcopenia is an under-recognised complication of diabetes requiring systematic assessment. This consensus provides an integrated algorithm combining functional, nutritional, and metabolic evaluation to guide personalised management.

Efficacy of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Weight Loss Among Obese Individuals: A Systematic Review