In this study, we found that the deletion of the gene evfG in the type VI secretion system (T6SS) gene cluster significantly affected the motility of porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strain PCN033. Furthermore, the bacterial motility assay showed that ΔevfG mutants exhibited reduced motility compared to the parental strain. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a significant reduction in the number of flagella in the mutant ΔevfG when compared with PCN033. To further explore the reasons why the deletion of evfG affects the motility of PCN033, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted. The omics analyses showed that 134 differentially accumulated metabolites and 2236 differentially expressed genes were identified between the mutant ΔevfG and the parental strain PCN033. The metabolome profile and functional annotation analyses indicated that the impaired motility of ΔevfG was connected to the downregulation of the expression levels of genes associated with the energy metabolism pathway and flagellar assembly. Our study provides a new insight into the diminished PCN033 motility induced by evfG deletion. Moreover, the candidate genes and metabolites regulated by the gene evfG in the T6SS, which was involved in the motility of PCN033, were reported in this study.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene. This article presents a fatal case of a 20-year-old male with XLA complicated by septic shock due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, highlighting two novel BTK insertion mutations in exon 15 (NM_000061.3 exon15:c.1561insG and c.1565insTAGAA). Concurrently, we provide a systematic review of XLA’s genetic basis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic advancements. The patient’s delayed diagnosis, lack of immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and fatal outcome underscore the importance of early genetic screening and standardized management. This case and review aim to enhance clinical awareness and emphasize the integration of genetic diagnostics into routine practice for primary immunodeficiencies.

Intratumoral microbiota refers to the microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, residing within tumor tissues and forming part of the tumor microenvironment. Evidence shows that it significantly influences solid tumors like colorectal and breast cancer. Advances in sequencing have revealed the specific distribution of these microbes in gynecologic malignancies. Their dynamic composition is closely linked to tumor initiation, progression, and response to therapy, providing new insights for precision medicine. This review examines their molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance, focusing on impacts on diagnosis (e.g., microbial biomarkers), personalized treatment (e.g., modulation of chemotherapy/immunotherapy efficacy), and prognosis (e.g., recurrence risk prediction). It also discusses the translational potential and clinical application challenges of targeting microbiota, aiming to provide new strategies for precision medicine in gynecologic oncology.

Yaks (Bos grunniens) are important livestock on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, but the relationship between Blastocystis positivity, fecal bacterial communities, and microbial metabolites remains unclear. This cross-sectional study compared fecal bacterial profiles and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in six Blastocystis-positive and six Blastocystis-negative diarrheic yaks from Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Bacterial communities were characterized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and fecal SCFAs were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Compared with negative yaks, positive yaks had lower concentrations of acetic acid (p < 0.01), propionic acid (p < 0.01), butyric acid (p = 0.000381), valeric acid (p < 0.01), caproic acid (p = 0.00359), and isobutyric acid (p < 0.01), whereas isovaleric acid did not differ between groups (p = 0.310). A total of 2,751,028 raw sequences were generated, of which 2,620,949 passed quality filtering. ACE (p = 0.0068), Chao1 (p = 0.0071), Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.0019), observed ASVs (p = 0.0064), Pielou’s evenness (p = 0.011), Shannon diversity (p = 0.008), and Simpson diversity (p = 0.037) were lower in positive yaks. The groups also differed in bacterial community composition, and several taxa previously associated with fiber degradation or SCFA formation had lower relative abundances in positive yaks. PICRUSt2 indicated differences in predicted microbial functional potential. These findings indicate that Blastocystis positivity was associated with altered fecal bacterial communities and reduced concentrations of several SCFAs in diarrheic yaks. Because of the small sample size, cross-sectional design, and potential confounding by diarrhea and other unmeasured factors, causal relationships cannot be established.