Palm oil production generates substantial underutilized biomass wastes, including empty fruit bunches, fiber, palm kernel shells, and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Waste-to-energy systems offer a viable pathway to convert these residues into electricity and fertilizer, supporting circular economy goals and sustainability targets. This study takes an example of palm oil waste from the Indragiri Hulu region in Riau Province in Indonesia. It develops a multi-objective optimization framework to evaluate palm oil mill WtE systems from economic, environmental, and energy output. Three scenarios are analyzed: maximal profit (MP), maximal profit with carbon tax (MPCT), and all waste processing (AWP). The MP scenario favors high-return technologies such as gasification and incineration, leading to significant greenhouse gas emissions. The MPCT scenario favors lower-emission technologies like composting and excludes high-emission, low-profit options such as POME digestion. In contrast, the AWP scenario mandates the processing of all wastes, leading to the lowest profits and the highest emissions among all scenarios. The sensitivity analysis reveals that POME processing is not feasible when electricity prices are below the government-set rate, but becomes viable once prices exceed this threshold. These findings offer valuable insights for companies and policymakers seeking to develop and implement effective strategies for optimal waste utilization.

Indonesian coffee MSMEs face increasing pressure to meet certification standards and adopt digital technologies to remain competitive in export markets. Despite strong agro-ecological advantages and rising global demand, upgrading efforts remain fragmented and lack clear prioritization. This study develops and empirically evaluates a decision-focused upgrading framework by integrating Porter’s Diamond, Global Value Chain (GVC) upgrading, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Using Dampit coffee MSMEs as a case study, the results identify competitiveness gaps linked to functional upgrading needs. AHP prioritization highlights Operational Excellence as the most critical strategy, emphasizing process improvement and reliability. The framework offers practical guidance for MSMEs and policymakers to support structured and sustainable upgrading toward global market integration.